Table 3.
Treatments that improve and/or prevent testicular and sperm damage in experimental testicular torsion.
| Treatment | Mechanism | Results versus injury | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transplanted endotelial progenitor cells | N/A |
▼ Apoptosis Prevents histopathological damage |
[48] |
| Pretreatment w/ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) |
Extract of dried leaves | Prevents histopathological damage ▼ Apoptosis, eNOS mark ▲ Mean seminiferous tubule diameter |
[49] |
| Pretreatment w/sildenafil citrate (0.7 mg/kg) |
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor |
▼ MDA levels and eosinophil counts Prevents histopathological damage ▲ GSH, PON1, NO, and blood lymphocyte counts in plasma |
[50] |
| Pretreatment w/sildenafil citrate (1.4 mg/kg) | Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor |
▼ MDA levels ▲ PON1, vitamin E, β-carotene in plasma, and GSH levels |
[50] |
| Pretreatment w/melanocortin 4 activator | Melanocortin analog |
▼ IL-6 and TNF-α, Bax ▲ Bcl-2 expression, Johnsen's spermatogenesis score |
[51] |
| Rutin | Antioxidant |
▼ MDA levels ▲ SOD and CAT activities, Johnsen's spermatogenesis score |
[52] |
| Gradual detorsion | N/A | ▲ SOD and GPx activities | [53] |
| Molsidomine | Nitric oxide donor |
▼ MDA levels and Cosentino's score ▲ Sonic hedgehog and HIF1-α expression |
[54] |
| Cyclosporine and FK-506 | Immunophilin ligands |
▼ MDA levels, apoptosis ▲ CAT, SOD, and Gpx activities |
[55] |
| Pretreatment w/trapidil | Vasodilator | Prevent histopathological damage | [56] |
| Hemin | Iron-containing porphyrin |
▼ NF- kappaB and ERK levels ▲ heme oxygenase-1 |
[57] |
| Pretreatment w/ethyl pyruvate | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory |
▼ MDA, myeloperoxidase levels and apoptotic index ▲ CAT, GSH, Gpx, SOD activities and sperm count and motility |
[58] |
| Pretreatment w/losartan, lisinopril | Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, ACE inhibitor | Prevents histopathological damage in contralateral testis | [59] |
ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSH: glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthetase; MDA: malondialdehyde; CHOP: C/EBP homology protein; CREMτ: cAMP-responsive element modulator-τ; MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; N/A: not available.