Table 1. Selected baseline characteristics of the study participants^a (n=92).

Characteristics	Treatment Group				P-valueb
	Placebo (n=23)	Calcium (n=23)	Vitamin D (n=23)	Calcium + Vit. D (n=23)
Demographics, medical history, habits, anthropometrics
Age, years	58.5 (8.2)	61.9 (8.2)	60.2 (8.1)	62.1 (7.5)	0.39
Men (%)	70	70	70	70	1.00
White (%)	74	83	65	61	0.39
College graduate (%)	65	61	57	44	0.53
History of colorectal cancer in 1° relative (%)	17	30	17	13	0.60
Take NSAIDc regularlyd (%)	22	13	9	22	0.60
If woman (n = 28), taking estrogens (%)	4	9	4	4	1.00
Current smoker (%)	9	4	0	0	0.61
Take multivitamin (%)	30	30	26	39	0.86
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2	30.6 (7.2)	29.4 (5.5)	28.9 (5.56)	31.6 (6.0)	0.44
Mean dietary intakes e
Total energy intake, kcal/d	1,596 (528)	1,788 (691)	1,848 (821)	1,845 (752)	0.59
Totalf calcium, mg/d	625	678	753	733	0.75
Totalf vitamin D, IU/d	279	326	348	401	0.50
Total fat, gm/d	66	66	61	65	0.59
Dietary fiber, gm/d	15	16	16	15	0.97
Alcohol intake, gm/d	8	10	13	9	0.84
Total serum vitamin D
25-OH-vitamin D, ng/mL	20.4 (7.6)	25.7 (7.6)	21.0 (8.3)	20.9 (9.7)	0.12

^aData are given as means (SD) unless otherwise specified.

^bBy Fisher’s exact χ² test for categorical variables, and ANOVA for continuous variables.

^cNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

^dAt least once a week.

^eAll nutrients energy adjusted using residual method.

^fDiet plus supplements.