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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012 Sep 10;5(10):1247–1256. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0292

Table 2. Expression of APC, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and the APC/β-catenin scorea in the normal-appearing colorectal mucosa.

Treatment
Group		 Baseline
 6-mo follow-up
 Absolute Rx effect
 Relative
Effectd
n Mean Std Err P n Mean Std Err P Rx effectb Std Err P c
A. APC
Whole crypts
 Placebo 22 1.09 0.08 21 0.97 0.08 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 23 1.07 0.08 0.90 21 0.94 0.08 0.80 −0.02 0.15 0.91 0.98
 Vitamin D 23 0.90 0.08 0.10 22 1.00 0.08 0.80 0.22 0.14 0.14 1.25
 Ca + Vit. D 23 0.97 0.08 0.29 21 0.91 0.08 0.61 0.06 0.15 0.68 1.06
Upper 40% of crypts
 Placebo 22 0.39 0.04 21 0.41 0.04 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 23 0.40 0.04 0.91 21 0.44 0.04 0.51 0.03 0.06 0.66 1.07
 Vitamin D 23 0.30 0.04 0.07 22 0.46 0.04 0.31 0.15 0.06 0.03 1.48
 Ca + Vit. D 23 0.36 0.04 0.47 21 0.41 0.04 0.39 0.04 0.06 0.58 1.10
Lower 60% of crypts
 Placebo 22 0.68 0.05 21 0.57 0.05 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 23 0.70 0.05 0.81 21 0.53 0.05 0.53 −0.06 0.09 0.51 0.90
 Vitamin D 23 0.60 0.05 0.24 22 0.56 0.05 0.84 0.07 0.09 0.47 1.11
 Ca + Vit. D 23 0.60 0.05 0.24 21 0.52 0.05 0.49 0.03 0.09 0.73 1.04
ϕh e
 Placebo 22 0.35 0.01 21 0.42 0.01 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 23 0.34 0.01 0.06 21 0.46 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.12 1.10
 Vitamin D 23 0.31 0.01 0.10 22 0.46 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.01 1.21
 Ca + Vit. D 23 0.35 0.01 0.86 21 0.44 0.01 0.30 0.01 0.03 0.64 1.03
B. β-catenin
Whole crypts
 Placebo 21 0.99 0.04 18 0.98 0.04 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 22 1.01 0.04 0.69 19 0.85 0.05 0.04 −0.15 0.08 0.08 0.85
 Vitamin D 21 0.94 0.04 0.45 21 0.82 0.04 0.03 −0.11 0.08 0.18 0.88
 Ca + Vit. D 22 1.04 0.04 0.38 17 0.92 0.05 0.37 −0.11 0.08 0.20 0.89
Upper 40% of crypts
 Placebo 21 0.38 0.02 18 0.37 0.02 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 22 0.40 0.02 0.52 19 0.33 0.02 0.07 −0.06 0.03 0.06 0.85
 Vitamin D 21 0.36 0.02 0.36 21 0.33 0.02 0.12 −0.02 0.03 0.61 0.95
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.39 0.02 0.69 17 0.36 0.02 0.61 −0.02 0.03 0.50 0.94
Lower 60% of crypts
 Placebo 21 0.61 0.02 18 0.62 0.03 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 22 0.63 0.02 0.44 19 0.56 0.02 0.11 −0.08 0.05 0.09 0.87
 Vitamin D 21 0.58 0.02 0.38 21 0.54 0.02 0.02 −0.05 0.05 0.27 0.91
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.63 0.02 0.58 17 0.59 0.03 0.46 −0.05 0.05 0.36 0.93
ϕh e
 Placebo 21 0.39 0.01 18 0.38 0.01 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 22 0.38 0.01 0.87 19 0.36 0.01 0.16 −0.01 0.01 0.31 0.97
 Vitamin D 21 0.39 0.01 0.94 21 0.38 0.01 0.81 0.00 0.01 0.80 1.01
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.38 0.01 0.88 17 0.37 0.01 0.67 0.00 0.01 0.81 0.99
C. E-cadherin
Whole crypts
 Placebo 21 1.13 0.12 19 1.04 0.13 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 21 1.23 0.12 0.69 21 1.09 0.12 0.78 −0.05 0.25 0.85 0.96
 Vitamin D 21 0.82 0.12 0.05 18 1.29 0.13 0.17 0.56 0.25 0.03 1.72
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.91 0.12 0.14 19 1.26 0.13 0.23 0.46 0.25 0.08 1.51
Upper 40% of crypts
 Placebo 21 0.44 0.05 19 0.42 0.05 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 21 0.47 0.05 0.70 21 0.45 0.05 0.70 0.00 0.10 0.99 1.01
 Vitamin D 21 0.33 0.05 0.09 18 0.56 0.05 0.06 0.25 0.10 0.02 1.78
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.37 0.05 0.26 19 0.55 0.05 0.09 0.20 0.10 0.05 1.56
Lower 60% of crypts
 Placebo 21 0.64 0.07 19 0.60 0.08 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 21 0.69 0.07 0.68 21 0.63 0.07 0.78 −0.01 0.15 0.93 0.98
 Vitamin D 21 0.48 0.07 0.12 18 0.75 0.08 0.19 0.31 0.16 0.05 1.68
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.55 0.07 0.38 19 0.70 0.08 0.39 0.19 0.15 0.23 1.35
ϕh e
 Placebo 21 0.41 0.02 19 0.40 0.02 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 21 0.41 0.02 0.92 21 0.41 0.02 0.66 0.01 0.03 0.71 1.03
 Vitamin D 21 0.40 0.02 0.61 18 0.45 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.10 1.14
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.40 0.02 0.60 19 0.46 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.03 1.18
D. APC/β-catenin Score
 Placebo 21 0.37 0.03 18 0.44 0.03 0.00 . . 1.00
 Calcium 22 0.35 0.03 0.49 18 0.58 0.03 0.003 0.16 0.06 0.01 1.41
 Vitamin D 21 0.36 0.03 0.83 20 0.57 0.03 0.004 0.13 0.06 0.02 1.31
 Ca + Vit. D 22 0.37 0.03 0.84 17 0.50 0.03 0.18 0.07 0.06 0.26 1.16
a

APC/β-catenin score = ϕh APC/β-catenin expression in the whole crypt, where ϕh APC = ratio of APC expression in the upper 40% of the crypts to the whole crypt.

b

Rx effect (treatment effect) = [(treatment group follow-up) − (treatment group baseline)] − [(placebo group follow-up) − (placebo group baseline)].

c

P value for difference between each active treatment group and placebo group from repeated-measures MIXED model.

d

Relative effect = [(treatment group follow-up)/(treatment group baseline)]/[(placebo follow-up)/(placebo baseline)]; interpretation similar to that for an odds ratio (e.g., a relative effect of 1.7 indicates a 70% proportional increase in the treatment group relative to that in the placebo group).

e

ϕh = proportion of expression in the distribution zone (i.e. ratio of expression in upper 40% to expression in whole crypt)