Table 1 .

Summary of Processes Measured

	Method 1: Time and Motion Study				Method 2: Data Comparison/ Differential Implementation
	Pharmacy (PHM)		Radiology (RAD)		Laboratory (LAB)
	Pre-POE	Post-POE	Pre-POE	Post-POE	Pre-POE	Post-POE
Ordering:	Manual order	Electronic order	Manual order	Electronic order	Manual order	Electronic order
Communication:	Flag on physician’s order book	Eliminated	Flag on physician’s order book	Eliminated	Flag on physician’s order book	Eliminated
	Clerk takes off order	Eliminated	Clerk takes off order	Eliminated	Clerk takes off order	Eliminated
	RN transcribes to MAR	Eliminated	Clerk generates manual requisition	Eliminated	Clerk generates manual requisition	Automatic generation of label on unit
	PHM picks up order	Eliminated	Requisition delivered to RAD	Eliminated	Specimen drawn	Specimen drawn
					Specimen delivery to LAB	Specimen delivery to LAB
Ancillary service:	PHM receives manual order	PHM receives printed order notice	RAD receives notice	Automatic receipt, schedule and notification	LAB receives specimen	Eliminated
	Enter into PHM system	Enter into PHM system	RAD enters into system	Automatic receipt, schedule and notification	LAB enters into system	Eliminated
	Prepare drug	Prepare drug	System schedules test	Automatic receipt, schedule and notification	Label generated	Eliminated
	Deliver drug	Deliver drug	RAD calls nurse unit with schedule	Automatic receipt, schedule and notification
			Patient to RAD	Patient to RAD
Order completion:	Administer drug	Administer drug	Procedure completed	Procedure completed	Result completed	Result completed
	Manual document on MAR	Electronic document on eMAR	Result dictated	Result dictated	Result posted	Result posted
			Result validated	Result validated
			Result posted	Result posted

abbreviations: POE indicates physician order entry; RN, registered nurse; MAR, medication administration record; eMar, electronic medication administration record.