Table 1.
Examples of flavour-active yeast strain development for production of saké, beer and wine
| Target flavour compound(s) | Strain | Description of method | Selection/screening | Phenotype | Target gene/enzymatic activity | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | Commercial wine yeast (Maurivin PDM) | Chemical mutagenesis | Screening of H2S production in a plate assay | Low H2S | MET10, MET5 | (Cordente et al. 2009) (Patent PCT/AU08/01485) |
| Commercial and native wine yeasts | Allele swapping (MET10-932) from naturally occurring low-H2S strain | Low H2S | MET10 | (Linderholm et al. 2010) (Patent WO 2008/115759) | ||
| Commercial wine1 and brewing2 yeast | Overexpression of O-acetyl homoserine-O-acetyl serine sulfhydrylase (MET17) | Low H2S | MET17 | (Spiropoulos and Bisson 20001; (Omura et al. 19952) | ||
| Brewing1 and native wine2 yeast | Transformation of cystathionine β-synthase (CYS4) allelic variants | Low H2S | CYS4 | (Tezuka et al. 19921; Linderholm et al. 20062) | ||
| Commercial brewer’s yeast | Inactivation of sulfite reductase | Low H2S, high SO2 | MET10 | (Hansen and Kielland-Brandt 1996) | ||
| Commercial wine yeast (AWRI 1640, AWRI 1116, AWRI 1539) | Interspecific hybridization between a low-H2S S. cerevisiae strain and high-flavour S. cerevisiae x S. kudriavzevii hybrids) | Complementary selectable markers and screening of H2S production in a plate assay | Low H2S, high flavour | MET10 | (Bizaj et al. 2012) | |
| Polyfunctional thiols | Commercial wine yeast (VIN13) | Overexpression of E. coli tryptophanase | Increased 3MH, 4MMP | Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase | (Swiegers et al. 2007) | |
| Commercial wine yeast (VIN13) | Overexpression of cystathionine β-lyase STR3 | Increased 3MH | STR3 | (Holt et al. 2011) | ||
| Commercial wine yeast (Zymaflore F15) | Overexpression of β-lyase IRC7 | Increased 3MH. 4MMP, 3MHA | IRC7 | (Roncoroni et al. 2011) | ||
| Commercial wine yeast (VIN13) | Overexpression of alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 | Increased 3MHA | ATF1 | (Swiegers et al. 2006) | ||
| VL3-1D (derived from commercial wine yeast VL3c) | Deletion of nitrogen catabolite repression transcriptional regulator URE2 | Increased 3MH, 4MMP, 3MHA | URE2 | (Thibon et al. 2008) (Patent WO 2008/068635) | ||
| Monoterpenes (de novo biosynthesis) | Haploid laboratory strain | UV mutagenesis | Resistance to nystatin and screening with radioactive mevalonate | Increased geraniol, linalool | ERG20, ERG9 | (Chambon et al. 1990; Chambon et al. 1991) |
| Haploid laboratory strains | Overexpression of geraniol synthase from Ocimum basilicum, and of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase ERG20 mutated allele | Increased geraniol, linalool | Monoterpene synthase, ERG20 | (Fischer et al. 2011; Oswald et al. 2007) | ||
| Wine strain T73-4 | Overexpression of linalool synthase from Clarkia breweri, and deletion regulatory region of HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1)* | Increased linalool | Monoterpene synthase, HMG1 | (Herrero et al. 2008; Rico et al. 2010)* | ||
| Higher alcohols | Diploid saké yeast (K30) | Spontaneous mutations | Resistance to leucine analog 5,5,5-trifluoro-dl-leucine | Increased isoamyl alcohol and its acetate | LEU4 | (Oba et al. 2005) |
| Haploid saké yeast (G1101, G1103) | Chemical mutagenesis | Resistance to leucine analog 5,5,5-trifluoro-dl-leucine | Increased isoamyl alcohol and its acetate | LEU4 | (Ashida et al. 1987) | |
| Diploid saké yeast (Kyokai 9) | Chemical mutagenesis | Resistance to phenylalanine analogs (p- and o-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine) | Increased phenylethanol and its acetate | TYR1 (p-analog) ARO4 (o-analog) | (Fukuda et al. 1990a; Fukuda et al. 1990b) | |
| Haploid laboratory strain (BY4741) | Overexpression of rose phenylacetaldehyde synthase | Increased phenylethanol | Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase | (Farhi et al. 2010) | ||
| Commercial wine strain (VIN13) | Overexpression of branched-chain amino acid transaminases BAT1 and BAT2 | Increased isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol | BAT1, BAT2 | (Lilly et al. 2006b) | ||
| Esters | Haploid saké yeast G1103 (derived from Kyokai 7) | Chemical mutagenesis | Resistance to fatty acid synthase (FAS) 2 inhibitor cerulenin | Increased ethyl hexonate and hexanoic acid | FAS2 | (Ichikawa et al. 1991) |
| Diploid saké yeast (Kyokai 7) | Allele swapping (FAS2 G1250S) from cerulenin-resistant yeast (self-cloning) | Increased ethyl hexonate and hexanoic acid | FAS2 | (Aritomi et al. 2004) | ||
| Diploid saké yeast (Kyokai 901) | Chemical mutagenesis | Screening of flavour profile of bank of mutants | Increased isoamyl acetate or ethyl hexanoate | (Arikawa et al. 2000) | ||
| Saké yeast 2NF | Spontaneous mutations | Resistance to farnesol analog 1-farnesylpyridinium1 or to copper2 | Increased isoamyl acetate | Increased alcohol acetyltransferase activity | (Hirooka et al. 2005)1; (Hirooka et al. 2010)2 | |
| Commercial wine strains (VIN13, VIN7)1 Commercial lager strain (CMBS33)2 | Overexpression alcohol acetyltransferases ATF1 and ATF2 | Increased acetate esters | ATF1, ATF2 | (Lilly et al. 2000)1; (Lilly et al. 2006a)1; (Verstrepen et al. 2003)2 | ||
| Diploid saké yeast (Kyokai 7) | Overexpression alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1(self-cloning) | Increased isoamyl acetate | ATF1 | (Hirosawa et al. 2004) |