Fig. 1.

Epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB family downstream signaling pathways potentially involved in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Downstream pathways activated by dimerization and activation of the ErbB family. Adapted with permission from Venook et al. [5]. ©2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Akt v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog, serine-threonine kinase 1, Bad Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death, Bcl B-cell lymphoma, CdK cyclin dependent kinase, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, ELK-1 Ets like gene 1, ErbB erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Fos protooncogene c-fos, GRB2 growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, HIF-1α hypoxia inducible factor-1α, JAK Janus kinase, MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Raf v-raf 1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1, Ras retrovirus-associated DNA sequences, SoS son of sevenless, STAT signal transducers and activators of transcription, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor