Table 1. Sociodemographic, clinical and neuropsychological features of ADNI healthy controls, MCI converted to AD, early and late AD patients.
| Healthy controls (n = 229) | MCI converted AD (n = 154) | Early AD (n = 95) | Late AD (n = 98) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 76 ± 5 | 74 ±7 | 75 ±7 | 75 ± 8 | 0.52 |
| Gender, females | 110 (48%) | 60 (39%) | 43 (45%) | 48 (49%) | 0.29 |
| Education, years | 16 ± 3 | 16 ±3 | 15 ±3 | 14 ± 3 | < 0.0001 |
| MMSE | 29 ± 1 | 27 ±2 | 25 ± 1 | 22 ± 2 | < 0.0001 |
| ADAS-Cog, classic 70 | 6±3 | 13 ±4 | 16 ±5 | 20 ± 7 | < 0.0001 |
| Clock drawing test | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 |
| AVLT (immediate recall) | 43.0 ± 9.8 | 27.2 ± 6.4 | 24.1 ± 7.3 | 21.9 ± 8.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Digit span − forward | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ±2.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Digit span − backward | 7.2 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 4.6 ± 1.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Category fluency (anim.) | 19.9 ± 5.6 | 15.4 ± 4.9 | 13.3 ± 4.6 | 11.4 ± 5.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Category fluency (veg.) | 14.7 ± 3.9 | 10.0 ± 3.2 | 8.4 ± 3.3 | 7.2 ± 3.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Trail making test A | 36 ± 13 | 50 ± 26 | 64 ± 35 | 70 ± 39 | < 0.0001 |
| Trail making test B | 89 ± 44 | 153 ± 82 | 177 ± 92 | 198 ±98 | < 0.0001 |
| Digit symbol | 45.7 ± 10.2 | 34.0 ±11.2 | 29.0 ± 12.6 | 23.8 ± 13.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Boston naming | 27.8 ± 3.0 | 25.0 ± 4.3 | 23.6 ± 5.9 | 20.3 ± 7.6 | < 0.0001 |
| AVLT (30 min delayed) | 7.4 ± 3.7 | 1.6 ± 2.4 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | < 0.0001 |
| ANART | 9.7 ± 9.1 | 13.6 ± 9.2 | 14.2 ± 10.0 | 16.9 ± 10.3 | < 0.0001 |
| APOE, carriers | 61 (27%) | 107 (69%) | 65 (68%) | 62 (63%) | < 0.0001 |
p denotes difference significance among all groups on one-way ANOVA (continuous variables) or χ2 test (categorical variables).
Values are mean ± standard deviations (continuous variables) or frequencies (categorical values, i.e. gender and APOE).
MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive; ANART, American national adult reading test; AVLT, auditory verbal learning test–version A; Digit symbol, WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test.