Table 3.
Prevalence of hypertension, urinary abnormalities and kidney dysfunction in participants by country
| Number of participants | HTN |
Proteinuria |
ACR |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-HTN | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 30–300 | >300 | 30–59.9 | 15–29.9 | <15 | ||
| Nepal | ||||||||||||
| All | 20811 | 8121 (39.0) | 4665 (22.4) | 2229 (10.7) | 503 (2.4) | 162 (0.8) | 58 (0.3) | 604 (7.0) | 6 (0.1) | 3859 (18.6) | 56 (0.3) | 16 (0.1) |
| (38.4 to 39.7) | (21.9 to 23.0) | (10.3 to 11.1) | (2.2 to 2.6) | (0.7 to 0.9) | (0.2 to 0.4) | (6.4 to 7.5) | – | (18.1 to 19.2) | (0.2 to 0.4) | (0.0 to 0.1) | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 12792 | 4895 (38.3) | 2529 (19.8) | 1171 (9.2) | 297 (2.3) | 87 (0.7) | 36 (0.3) | 340 (6.3) | 3 (0.1) | 2677 (21) | 28 (0.2) | 9 (0.1) |
| (37.4 to 39.1) | (19.1 to 20.5) | (8.7 to 9.7) | (2.1 to 2.6) | (0.5 to 0.8) | (0.2 to 0.4) | (5.7 to 7.0) | – | (20.3 to 21.7) | (0.1 to 0.3) | – | ||
| Men | 8019 | 3226 (40.2) | 2136 (26.6) | 1058 (13.2) | 206 (2.6) | 75 (0.9) | 22 (0.3) | 264 (8) | 3 (0.1) | 1182 (14.8) | 28 (0.4) | 7 (0.1) |
| (39.2 to 41.3) | (25.7 to 27.6) | (12.5 to 14.0) | (2.2 to 3.0) | (0.7 to 1.2) | (0.2 to 0.4) | (7.1 to 8.9) | – | (14.0 to 15.6) | (0.2 to 0.5) | – | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–40 | 11283 | 4922 (43.6) | 1617 (14.3) | 473 (4.2) | 199 (1.8) | 47 (0.4) | 21 (0.2) | 207 (4.4) | 2 (0.0) | 997 (8.9) | 12 (0.1) | 4 (0.0) |
| (42.7 to 44.6) | (13.7 to 15.0) | (38.3 to 45.8) | (1.5 to 2.0) | (0.3 to 0.6) | (0.1 to 0.3) | (3.8 to 5.0) | – | (8.4 to 9.4) | (0.0 to 0.2) | – | ||
| 41–60 | 6973 | 2500 (35.9) | 2137 (30.6) | 1089 (15.6) | 180 (2.6) | 65 (0.9) | 16 (0.2) | 267 (9.3) | 2 (0.1) | 1681 (24.2) | 24 (0.3) | 7 (0.1) |
| (34.7 to 37.0) | (29.6 to 31.7) | (14.8 to 16.5) | (2.2 to 3.0) | (0.7 to 1.2) | (0.1 to 0.4) | (8.2 to 10.4) | – | (23.2 to 25.2) | (0.2 to 0.5) | – | ||
| >60 | 2555 | 699 (27.4) | 911 (35.7) | 667 (26.1) | 124 (4.9) | 50 (2.0) | 21 (0.8) | 130 (12.3) | 2 (0.2) | 1181 (46.3) | 20 (0.8) | 5 (0.2) |
| (25.6 to 29.1) | (33.8 to 37.5) | (24.4 to 27.9) | (4.1 to 5.8) | (1.5 to 2.6) | (0.5 to 1.3) | (10.4 to 14.5) | – | (44.4 to 48.3) | (0.5 to 1.2) | – | ||
| Prior DM | 1330 | 441 (33.2) | 455 (34.2) | 268 (20.2) | 66 (5.0) | 41 (3.1) | 17 (1.3) | 154 (25.8) | 3 (0.5) | 393 (29.7) | 17 (1.3) | 3 (0.2) |
| (30.6 to 35.8) | (31.7 to 36.8) | (18.0 to 22.4) | (3.9 to 6.3) | (2.2 to 4.2) | (0.7 to 2.0) | (22.3 to 29.5) | – | (27.2 to 32.2) | (0.7 to 2.0) | – | ||
| No prior DM | 16623 | 6531 (39.3) | 3644 (21.9) | 1647 (9.9) | 385 (2.3) | 110 (0.7) | 39 (0.2) | 424 (5.3) | 3 (0.04) | 2868 (17.3) | 34 (0.2) | 12 (0.1) |
| (38.6 to 40.0) | (21.3 to 22.6) | (9.5 to 10.4) | (2.1 to 2.6) | (0.5 to 0.8) | (0.2 to 0.3) | (4.8 to 5.8) | – | (16.8 to 18.0) | (0.1 to 0.3) | (0.0 to 0.1) | ||
| Prior CVD | 304 | 105 (34.5) | 78 (25.7) | 64 (21.1) | 20 (6.6) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (1.3) | 20 (14.9) | 1 (0.7) | 99 (32.7) | 3 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| (29.2 to 40.2) | (20.8 to 31.0) | (16.6 to 26.1) | (4.1 to 10.0) | – | – | (9.4 to 22.1) | – | (27.4 to 38.3) | – | – | ||
| No prior CVD | 17737 | 6920 (39.0) | 4020 (22.7) | 1856 (10.5) | 421 (2.4) | 141 (0.8) | 52 (0.3) | 561 (6.6) | 5 (0.1) | 3159 (17.9) | 46 (0.3) | 15 (0.1) |
| (38.3 to 39.7) | (22.1 to 23.3) | (10.0 to 10.9) | (2.2 to 2.6) | (0.7 to 0.9) | (0.2 to 0.4) | (6.1 to 7.1) | – | (17.3 to 18.5) | (0.2 to 0.3) | (0.0 to 0.1) | ||
| Bolivia | ||||||||||||
| All | 3436 | 896 (26.1) | 312 (9.1) | 104 (3.0) | 60 (1.8) | 65 (1.9) | 27 (0.8) | 45 (2.4) | 7 (0.4) | 8 (0.4) | ||
| (24.6 to 27.6) | (8.1 to 10.1) | (2.5 to 3.7) | (1.4 to 2.3) | (1.5 to 2.4) | (0.5 to 1.2) | (1.8 to 3.2) | – | – | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 2192 | 485 (22.1) | 155 (7.1) | 67 (3.1) | 34 (1.6) | 37 (1.7) | 14 (0.7) | 23 (1.9) | 4 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | ||
| (20.4 to 23.9) | (6 to 8.2) | (2.4 to 3.9) | (1.1 to 2.2) | (1.2 to 2.3) | (0.4 to 1.1) | (1.2 to 2.8) | – | – | ||||
| Men | 1244 | 411 (33.1) | 157 (12.6) | 37 (3) | 26 (2.1) | 28 (2.3) | 13 (1.1) | 22 (3.5) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | ||
| (30.5 to 35.8) | (10.8 to 14.6) | (2.1 to 4.1) | (1.4 to 3.1) | (1.5 to 3.3) | (0.6 to 1.8) | (2.2 to 5.2) | – | – | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–40 | 1732 | 333 (19.2) | 62 (3.6) | 10 (0.6) | 29 (1.7) | 16 (0.9) | 8 (0.5) | 6 (0.7) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | ||
| (17.4 to 21.2) | (2.8 to 4.6) | – | (1.1 to 2.4) | (0.5 to 1.5) | – | – | – | |||||
| 41–60 | 1386 | 436 (31.5) | 173 (12.5) | 64 (4.6) | 20 (1.5) | 32 (2.3) | 17 (1.2) | 14 (1.9) | 4 (0.5) | 5 (0.7) | ||
| (29.0 to 34) | (10.8 to 14.3) | (3.6 to 5.9) | (0.9 to 2.2) | (1.6 to 3.3) | (0.7 to 2.0) | (1.0 to 3.1) | – | – | ||||
| >60 | 318 | 127 (39.9) | 77 (24.2) | 30 (9.4) | 11 (3.5) | 17 (5.4) | 2 (0.6) | 25 (12.5) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | ||
| (34.5 to 45.6) | (19.6 to 29.3) | (6.5 to 13.2) | (1.8 to 6.2) | (3.2 to 8.6) | – | (8.3 to 17.9) | – | – | ||||
| Prior DM | 87 | 20 (23.0) | 27 (31.0) | 8 (9.2) | 3 (3.5) | 11 (12.9) | 8 (9.4) | 4 (8.0) | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | ||
| (14.6 to 33.2) | (21.5 to 41.9) | – | – | (6.6 to 22.0) | – | – | – | – | ||||
| No prior DM | 2393 | 619 (25.9) | 198 (8.3) | 68 (2.8) | 49 (2.1) | 38 (1.6) | 16 (0.7) | 30 (2.6) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.4) | ||
| (24.1 to 27.7) | (7.2 to 9.5) | (2.2 to 3.6) | (1.5 to 2.7) | (1.1 to 2.2) | (0.4 to 1.1) | (1.7 to 3.6) | – | – | ||||
| Prior CVD | 71 | 21 (30.0) | 15 (21.4) | 5 (7.1) | 5 (7.4) | 5 (7.4) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0 | 0 | ||
| (19.6 to 42.1) | (12.5 to 32.9) | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| No prior CVD | 2718 | 696 (25.6) | 236 (8.7) | 74 (2.7) | 48 (1.8) | 46 (1.7) | 20 (0.7) | 36 (2.5) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | ||
| (24 to 27.3) | (7.7 to 9.8) | (2.1 to 3.4) | (1.3 to 2.4) | (1.3 to 2.3) | (0.5 to 1.1) | (1.8 to 3.5) | – | – | ||||
| US | ||||||||||||
| All | 4299 | 1508 (25.5) | 280 (5.8) | 74 (1.3) | 499 (8.6) | 109 (1.8) | 337 (6.4) | 30 (0.5) | – | |||
| (23.4 to 27.6) | (5.0 to 6.7) | (1.0 to 1.6) | (7.5 to 9.8) | (1.5 to 2.3) | (5.3 to 7.8) | (0.4 to 0.6) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 2091 | 396 (19.5) | 112 (4.8) | 28 (0.9) | 256 (9.7) | 58 (2.0) | 184 (7.9) | 17 (0.6) | – | |||
| (17.2 to 22.1) | (3.9 to 5.9) | (0.6 to 1.3) | (8.1 to 11.5) | (1.4 to 2.8) | (6.3 to 9.8) | (0.4 to 0.9) | ||||||
| Men | 2208 | 662 (31.5) | 168 (6.8) | 46 (1.7) | 243 (7.5) | 51 (1.7) | 153 (4.9) | 13 (0.3) | – | |||
| (28.9 to 34.3) | (5.6 to 8.3) | (1.2 to 2.3) | (6.5 to 8.8) | (1.2 to 2.5) | (3.8 to 6.4) | (0.2 to 0.6) | ||||||
| Age (year) | ||||||||||||
| 18–40 | 1652 | 440 (25.1) | 56 (3.3) | – | 103 (6.3) | – | – | 0 | 0 | |||
| (22.3 to 28.1) | (2.3 to 4.5) | (5.0 to 8.0) | ||||||||||
| 41–60 | 1337 | 377 (30.1) | 107 (7.2) | – | 126 (6.4) | 33 (2.0) | 44 (4.0) | – | – | |||
| (26.3 to 34.2) | (5.8 to 8.9) | (4.9 to 8.3) | (1.3 to 3.0) | (2.7 to 6.0) | ||||||||
| >60 | 1310 | 241 (17.6) | 117 (8.2) | 47 (3.1) | 270 (17.1) | 63 (4.1) | 291 (23.0) | 24 (1.8) | – | |||
| (15.7 to 19.8) | (6.6 to 10.3) | (2.3 to 4.2) | (14.6 to 19.8) | (2.8 to 5.7) | (20.3 to 25.9) | (1.3 to 2.5) | ||||||
| Prior DM | 516 | 62 (12.9) | 38 (6.4) | – | 148 (25.5) | 56 (9.6) | 84 (14.1) | 17 (2.9) | – | |||
| (10.3 to 16.2) | (4.5 to 9.0) | (19.9 to 32.1) | (6.7 to 13.6) | (10.6 to 18.6) | (2.0 to 4.2) | |||||||
| No prior DM | 3779 | 995 (26.6) | 242 (5.7) | 66 (1.3) | 350 (7.1) | 53 (1.1) | 253 (5.7) | 13 (0.3) | – | |||
| (24.5 to 28.9) | (4.9 to 6.7) | (1.0 to 1.7) | (6.1 to 8.2) | (0.9 to 1.5) | (4.7 to 7.0) | (0.2 to 0.4) | ||||||
| Prior CVD* | 467 | 49 (11.0) | 26 (4.9) | – | 120 (21.7) | 40 (8.2) | 116 (22.2) | 18 (3.4) | – | |||
| (7.3 to 16.1) | (3.4 to 7.0) | (16.9 to 27.4) | (5.1 to 13.1) | (17.7 to 27.5) | (2.5 to 4.7) | |||||||
| No prior CVD* | 3493 | 921 (27.0) | 248 (6.1) | 65 (1.3) | 344 (7.2) | 68 (1.3) | 217 (5.1) | – | – | |||
| (24.8 to 29.3) | (5.2 to 7.0) | (1.0 to 1.6) | (6.3 to 8.4) | (1.0 to 1.5) | (4.1 to 6.4) | |||||||
| Bangladesh | ||||||||||||
| All | 1518 | 533 (35.5) | 621 (41.4) | 210 (14) | 690 (45.4)† | 108 (7.1) | 21 (1.4) | 2 (0.1) | ||||
| (33.1 to 38.0) | (38.9 to 43.9) | (12.3 to 15.8) | (42.9 to 48.0) | (5.9 to 8.6) | (0.9 to 2.1) | – | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 859 | 289 (34.1) | 380 (44.8) | 112 (13.2) | 364 (42.4) | 63 (7.4) | 15 (1.7) | 1 (0.1) | ||||
| (30.9 to 37.4) | (41.4 to 48.2) | (11.0 to 15.7) | (39.0 to 45.8) | (5.7 to 9.3) | (1.0 to 2.9) | – | ||||||
| Men | 659 | 244 (37.4) | 241 (36.9) | 98 (15) | 326 (49.5) | 45 (6.9) | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | ||||
| (33.6 to 41.2) | (33.2 to 40.7) | (12.4 to 18.0) | 45.6 to 53.4) | (5.0 to 9.1) | – | – | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–40 | 575 | 244 (42.7) | 203 (35.5) | 64 (11.2) | 369 (64.2) | 40 (7) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | ||||
| (38.6 to 46.8) | (31.6 to 39.6) | (8.7 to 14.1) | (60.1 to 68.1) | (5.0 to 9.4) | – | – | ||||||
| 41–60 | 690 | 198 (29.1) | 327 (48.1) | 105 (15.4) | 202 (29.3) | 45 (6.5) | 10 (1.4) | 0 | ||||
| (25.7 to 32.7) | (44.3 to 51.9) | (12.8 to 18.4) | (25.9 to 32.8) | (4.8 to 8.7) | – | |||||||
| >60 | 253 | 91 (36.6) | 91 (36.6) | 41 (16.5) | 119 (47.0) | 23 (9.2) | 7 (2.8) | 0 | ||||
| (30.6 to 42.9) | (30.6 to 42.9) | (12.1 to 21.7) | (40.8 to 53.4) | (5.9 to 13.4) | – | |||||||
| Prior DM | 111 | 53 (48.2) | 36 (32.7) | 14 (12.7) | 32 (28.8) | 11 (9.9) | 8 (7.2) | 0 | ||||
| (38.6 to 57.9) | (24.1 to 42.3) | (7.1 to 20.4) | (20.6 to 38.2) | (5.1 to 17.0) | – | |||||||
| No prior DM | 1404 | 478 (34.4) | 584 (42.1) | 196 (14.1) | 656 (46.7) | 97 (6.9) | 13 (0.9) | 2 (0.1) | ||||
| (31.9 to 37.0) | (39.5 to 44.7) | (12.3 to 16.1) | (44.1 to 49.4) | (5.7 to 8.4) | (0.5 to 1.6) | – | ||||||
| Prior CVD | 20 | 7 (35) | 7 (35) | 5 (25) | 7 (35) | 4 (20) | 2 (10) | 0 | ||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||
| No prior CVD | 1494 | 523 (35.4) | 613 (41.5) | 205 (13.9) | 680 (45.5) | 104 (7) | 19 (1.3) | 2 (0.1) | ||||
| (33.0 to 37.9) | (39.0 to 44.1) | (12.2 to 15.7) | (43.0 to 48.1) | (5.7 to 8.4) | (0.8 to 2.0) | – | ||||||
| Georgia | ||||||||||||
| All | 1549 | 565 (36.5) | 369 (23.8) | 385 (24.9) | 121 (7.9) | 53 (3.4) | 42 (2.7) | 95 (56.5) | 28 (16.7) | 47 (3) | 22 (1.4) | 8 (0.5) |
| (34.1 to 39.0) | (21.7 to 26.0) | (22.7 to 27.1) | (6.6 to 9.3) | (2.6 to 4.5) | (2.0 to 3.7) | (48.7 to 64.2) | (11.4 to 23.2) | (2.2 to 4.0) | (0.9 to 2.1) | – | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 1156 | 433 (37.5) | 267 (23.1) | 276 (23.9) | 82 (7.2) | 33 (2.9) | 17 (1.5) | 65 (56) | 21 (18.1) | 31 (2.7) | 15 (1.3) | 7 (0.6) |
| (34.7 to 40.4) | (20.7 to 25.7) | (21.5 to 26.5) | (5.7 to 8.8) | (2.0 to 4.0) | (0.9 to 2.4) | (46.5 to 65.2) | (11.6 to 26.3) | (1.8 to 3.8) | (0.7 to 2.1) | – | ||
| Men | 393 | 132 (33.6) | 102 (25.9) | 109 (27.7) | 39 (10) | 20 (5.1) | 25 (6.4) | 30 (57.7) | 7 (13.5) | 16 (4.1) | 7 (1.8) | 1 (0.2) |
| (28.9 to 38.5) | (21.7 to 30.6) | (23.4 to 32.4) | (7.2 to 13.4) | (3.2 to 7.8) | (4.2 to 9.3) | (43.2 to 71.3) | – | (2.3 to 6.5) | – | – | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–40 | 405 | 180 (44.4) | 62 (15.3) | 38 (9.4) | 20 (5) | 6 (1.5) | 7 (1.7) | 10 (50) | 1 (5) | 4 (1) | 2 (0.5) | 0 |
| (39.5 to 49.4) | (11.9 to 19.2) | (6.7 to 12.7) | (3.1 to 7.6) | – | – | (27.2 to 72.8) | – | – | – | – | ||
| 41–60 | 731 | 279 (38.2) | 192 (26.3) | 179 (24.5) | 54 (7.4) | 20 (2.8) | 22 (3) | 45 (58.4) | 13 (16.9) | 11 (1.5) | 10 (1.4) | 4 (0.5) |
| (34.6 to 41.8) | (23.1 to 29.6) | (21.4 to 27.8) | (5.6 to 9.6) | (1.7 to 4.2) | (1.9 to 4.6) | (46.6 to 69.6) | (9.3 to 27.1) | (0.8 to 2.7) | – | – | ||
| >60 | 413 | 106 (25.7) | 115 (27.8) | 168 (40.7) | 47 (11.5) | 27 (6.6) | 13 (3.2) | 40 (56.3) | 14 (19.7) | 32 (7.7) | 10 (2.4) | 4 (1) |
| (21.5 to 30.2) | (23.6 to 32.4) | (35.9 to 45.6) | (8.5 to 15.0) | (4.4 to 9.4) | (1.7 to 5.4) | (44.0 to 68.1) | (11.2 to 30.9) | (5.4 to 10.8) | – | – | ||
| Prior DM | 322 | 99 (30.7) | 68 (21.1) | 103 (31.9) | 33 (10.4) | 17 (5.3) | 15 (4.7) | 37 (66.1) | 11 (19.6) | 14 (4.3) | 9 (2.8) | 3 (0.9) |
| (25.7 to 36.1) | (16.8 to 26.0) | (26.9 to 37.4) | (7.3 to 14.3) | (3.1 to 8.4) | (2.7 to 7.7) | (52.2 to 78.2) | (10.2 to 32.4) | (2.4 to 7.2) | – | – | ||
| No prior DM | 1095 | 407 (37.2) | 272 (24.8) | 247 (22.6) | 83 (7.6) | 30 (2.7) | 25 (2.3) | 53 (53.5) | 15 (15.1) | 27 (2.5) | 12 (1.1) | 5 (0.4) |
| (34.3 to 40.1) | (22.3 to 27.5) | (20.1 to 25.2) | (6.1 to 9.4) | (1.9 to 3.9) | (1.5 to 3.4) | (43.2 to 63.6) | (8.7 to 23.8) | (1.6 to 3.6) | (0.6 to 1.9) | |||
| Prior CVD | 196 | 64 (32.6) | 41 (20.9) | 75 (38.3) | 23 (11.8) | 10 (5.1) | 11 (5.6) | 16 (55.2) | 7 (24.1) | 10 (5.1) | 6 (3.1) | 2 (1) |
| (26.1 to 39.7) | (15.4 to 27.3) | (31.4 to 45.5) | (7.6 to 17.2) | – | (2.8 to 9.9) | (35.7 to 73.6) | – | – | – | – | ||
| No prior CVD | 1170 | 417 (35.6) | 286 (24.4) | 272 (23.2) | 91 (7.8) | 35 (3) | 28 (2.4) | 70 (60.3) | 17 (14.7) | 30 (2.6) | 14 (1.2) | 6 (0.5) |
| (32.9 to 38.5) | (22.0 to 27.0) | (20.9 to 25.8) | (6.4 to 9.5) | (2.1 to 4.2) | (1.6 to 3.5) | (50.8 to 69.3) | (8.8 to 22.4) | (1.7 to 3.6) | (0.7 to 2.0) | – | ||
Data are expressed as number (percentage) (CI).
CIs are not presented when relative SE>30%, because of unreliable estimates.
*Results for aged 20+ adults only.
†Measured by Albustick.
ACR, albumin creatinine ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN, hypertension.