Table 4.

Rates per 100 women for obstetric intervention among primiparas at low risk for 1996/1997 and 2000/2008—age standardised

Labour management before birth	Management at birth	1996/1997 Private	2000–2008 Private	1996/1997 Public	2000–2008 Public
No epidural, no induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	55.5	55.2	71.4	75.6
	Forceps or vacuum	3.9	7.2	3.1	4.9
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	21.3	20.7	14.6	9.4
	Forceps or vacuum	15.9	11.1	7.9	5.5
	Caesarean section after labour	3.4	5.7	3.1	4.7
	Subgroup rate	32.5	25.3	54	45.9
No epidural, induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	45.7	41.6	56.4	59
	Forceps or vacuum	6	9.8	4.3	7.7
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	22.3	19.3	16.8	11.1
	Forceps or vacuum	16.7	18.4	14.3	8.7
	Caesarean section after labour	9.3	11	8.2	13.5
	Subgroup rate	17.8	17.4	9.1	19.7
Epidural, no induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	27.8	26.1	37.8	41.9
	Forceps or vacuum	15.7	17.3	8.3	13.3
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	7.2	10.1	9.5	5.5
	Forceps or vacuum	33.8	22.8	27.4	16.3
	Caesarean section after labour	15.6	23.8	17	23
	Subgroup rate	15.2	16.5	19	10.5
Epidural, induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	24.5	22.7	34.1	34.8
	Forceps or vacuum	14.7	15.1	9.5	13.7
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	9	9.4	6.7	5.7
	Forceps or vacuum	32.3	21.5	24.4	15
	Caesarean section after labour	19.5	31.2	25.3	30.9
	Subgroup rate	31	31.9	16.3	20.9
Rate for caesarean section before labour		3.4	8.9	1.6	3