Table 5.

Rates per 100 women for obstetric intervention among multiparas at low risk for 1996/1997 and 2000/2008—age standardised

Labour management	Management at birth	1996/1997 Private	2000–2008 Private	1996/1997 Public	2000–2008 Public
Before birth no epidural, no induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	82.5	82.6	92	92.6
	Forceps or vacuum	1.6	2.4	0.8	1
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	11.9	9.9	4.9	2.8
	Forceps or vacuum	1.3	1.7	0.7	0.5
	Caesarean section after labour	2.7	3.4	1.6	3
	Subgroup	47.6	35.2	72.4	63
No epidural, induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	79.3	80.8	87.9	89.8
	Forceps or vacuum	1.5	4.2	1.3	2
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	15.5	10.9	6.3	3.5
	Forceps or vacuum	1.9	1.8	1.5	0.8
	Caesarean section after labour	1.8	2.3	3	3.9
	Subgroup rate	19.9	18.4	14.9	16.3
Epidural, no induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	51.4	54.8	61	65.1
	Forceps or vacuum	10.4	10.6	5.2	7.5
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	11.5	10.3	3.8	3.8
	Forceps or vacuum	11.2	6	8.2	4.7
	Caesarean section after labour	15.4	18.3	21.8	18.9
	Subgroup rate	8.1	10.6	3.4	4.8
Epidural, induction	No episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	55.2	64.3	62.3	68.3
	Forceps or vacuum	13.7	11.2	9.2	9.6
	Episiotomy
	Vaginal birth	14	11.4	5.3	4.2
	Forceps or vacuum	8.9	5.3	8	3.8
	Caesarean section after labour	8.2	7.8	15.2	14.1
	Subgroup rate	11.2	14.4	3	4.6
Rate for caesarean section before labour		13	21.5	6.3	11.2