Table 1.

Material properties and element specifications for the bony parts and the cartilage of the model (C3D indicates the elements are continuum three-dimensional elements; the number that follows indicates the number of nodes)

Material	Element type	Elastic modulus (MPa)	Poisson ratio	No. of elements		References
				Total	L2/L3
Cancellous	8-node brick C3D8	Varied: 30, 50, 100a, 200, 500, 1000	0.2	20160	10,368/9792	[2, 7, 20, 31, 34]
Corticalis	C3D8	12,000	0.3	1680	864/816	[34]
Endplate	C3D8	1000	0.4	1872	624 each	[36]
Posterior elements	6-node wedge C3D6	3500	0.25	4	1069/700	[35]
	4-node tetrahedral C3D4			5
	C3D8			1760
Cartilage	C3D8	10	0.4	96	2*24 each	[10, 16]

^a The 100 MPa modulus comes from Shirazi-Adl et al. [34]