Table 3.
Summary of antiretroviral drugs used in HIV-1 nanotherapeutics
| Antiretroviral drug | Nanoparticle type | Stage | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stavudine (D4T), delavirdine (DLV), saquinavir (SQV) | Methylmethacrylate-sulfopropylmethacrylate (MMA-SPM) nanoparticles with grafted RMP-7 (RMP-7/MMA-SPM nanoparticles) |
Preclinical | Kuo and Lee100 |
| Ampenavir | Transferrin (Tf)-conjugated quantum dots | Preclinical | Mahajan et al71 |
| Dapivirine | Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticles | Preclinical | das Neves et al101 |
| Ritonavir | Tat-peptide-conjugated pitonavir nanoparticles | Preclinical | Borgmann et al66 |
| Indinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, and efavirenz | Monocyte-derived macrophages-nanoparticle interactions | Preclinical | Nowacek et al57 |
| D4T, DLV, SQV | Lipids: Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin, and cacao butter stabilized by L-α-phospatidylcholine, cholesteryl hemisuccinate, and taurocholate to form solid lipid nanoparticles | Preclinical | Kuo and Chung102 |
| SQV | Nanoparticles with ternary components of polyethyleneimine, poly(γ-glutamic acid), and poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) | Preclinical | Kuo and Yu is103 |
| d4T – nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Chitosan-O-isopropyl-5′-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate with a phosphoramidate linkage | Preclinical | Yang et al Is104 |
| SQV | Tf-conjugated quantum rods | Preclinical | Mahajan et al76 |
| Ritonavir, lopinavir, and efavirenz | PLGA nanoparticles | Preclinical | Destache et al105 |
| Rilpivirine | Poloxamer 338/TPGS 1000 | Preclinical | Baert et al106 |
| Stavudine | Mannose- and galactose-targeted liposome | Preclinical | Dou et al56 |
| Efavirenz | Mannose-targeted dendrimer | Preclinical | Dou et al56 |
| Lamivudine | Mannose-targeted dendrimer | Preclinical | Wan et al107 |
| Zidovudine | Mannose-targeted liposome | Preclinical | Kaur et al108 |
| Indinavir | Liposome-laden macrophages | Preclinical | Dou et al109 |
Abbreviations: SQV, saquinavir; DLV, delavirdine; D4T, stavudine; PLGA, poly lactide-co-glycolide acid; Tf, transferrin; MMA-SPM, ethylmethacrylate-sulfopropylmethacrylate; RMP-7, bradykinin agonist; Compritol 888ATO, National Formulary (NF) glyceryl nehenate; TPGS, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.