Table 2. Characteristics of 25-week-old ZDF rats after 15 weeks of treatment.
| ZDF (n = 7) | ZDF+NWT-03 (n = 9) | ZDF+VIL (n = 7) | One-way p-value | |
| Body weight (g) | 427±20 | 435±15 | 426±7 | 0.894 |
| Left kidney weight (mg) | 2154±47 | 2285±82 | 2274±56 | 0.387 |
| Right kidney weight (mg) | 2199±74 | 2369±68 | 2258±74 | 0.243 |
| Hemodynamic parameters | ||||
| Aorta HR (bpm) | 226±14 | 229±10 | 240±11 | 0.693 |
| Aorta SBP (mmHg) | 124±4 | 116±6 | 116±7 | 0.544 |
| Metabolic parameters | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 23.9±1.72 | 23.2±0.95 | 21.5±2.38 | 0.594 |
| Hb1Ac (%) | 9.54±0.16 | 9.33±0.20 | 9.00±0.20 | 0.189 |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 28.5±4.6 | 38.4±5.2 | 33.6±4.4 | 0.374 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 7.33±0.19 | 7.05±0.31 | 6.52±0.49 | 0.312 |
| FFAs (mmol/L) | 0.66±0.14 | 0.89±0.26 | 0.30±0.12 | 0.231 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 6.22±0.38 | 8.66±1.49 | 32.0±6.0*** | <0.001 |
| Urinary parameters | ||||
| Albumin (mg/24 h) | 77.4±15.7 | 43.9±4.5* | 125.3±16.3* | <0.001 |
| Glucose (category) | >7.0 | >7.0 | >7.0 | n.d. |
| MDA:Creatinine | 4.44±1.03 | 2.24±0.15* | 3.52±0.44 | 0.035 |
| 24-h Urine volume (mL) | 75±8 | 54±6 | 122±14** | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FFAs, free fatty acids; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; MDA, malondialdehyde; n.d. not determined.
Data are means ± SEMs (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs. untreated). P-values for one-way ANOVAs are indicated in the last column.