Table 2.

Summary of Drugs that have been Shown to be Independently Associated with Delirium after Cardiac Surgery (Drug Names are Given as they were Reported in the Original Studies)

Drug	Effect on Rate of Deliriuma	References
Preoperative Period
Statins	Mixed findings	[11, 22, 24]
Non-statin lipid lowering agents	No effect	[9, 24]
Cholinesterase inhibitors	No effect	[8, 24]
Anticholinergic agents	Mixed findings	[25, 27]
Antipsychotics	Increase	[24]
Antidepressants	Mixed findings	[24, 27]
SSRI	Mixed findings	[10, 27]
Benzodiazepines	Mixed findings	[10, 24]
Opioids	No effect	[29]
Diuretics	No effect	[5, 7, 9, 24]
CCBs	No effect	[5, 7, 9, 24]
β-blockers	No effect	[5, 7, 9, 24]
ACEIs	No effect	[5, 7, 9, 10, 24]
ARBs	No effect	[7, 24]
Nitrates	No effect	[5, 7, 9, 10, 24]
PPIs	No effect	[5, 24]
Digoxin	No effect	[24]
Anticoagulants	No effect	[24]
Antiplatelet agents	No effect	[24]
Pentoxifylline	No effect	[24]
Oral hypoglycemic agents	No effect	[24]
Insulin	No effect	[24]
Bronchodilator	No effect	[24]
Allopurinol	No effect	[24]
Levothyroxine	No effect	[24]
Steroids	No effect	[7, 24]
Anti-osteoporosis agents	No effect	[24]
Glaucoma eye drops	No effect	[24]
Aspirin	No effect	[7]
NSAIDs	No effect	[7]
Intraoperative Period
Diazepam	No effectb	[5]
Ketamine	Decrease	[9]
Fentanyl, dose/patient	Mixed findings	[8, 9]
Fentanyl, dose/kg body weight	Increase	[11]
Postoperative Period
Dexmedetomidine	Mixed findings	[3, 26]
Morphine, dose/patient	No effect	[9, 25, 26]
Opioids, dose/kg body weight	No effect	[11]
Inotropes > 12 hours	Increase	[51]
Prophylactic Regimens
Risperidone	Decrease	[6]
Rivastigmine	No effect	[8]

SSRI, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

^aEffect is based on proportions of delirious and non-delirious patients taking the drug, unless otherwise stated (e.g., the effect of postoperative opioids on delirium was analyzed based on dose/kg body weight)

^bDiazepam was associated with an increased rate of delirium in univariate analysis, but lost this association with stepwise logistic regression