Table 2.
A selection of MMP and TIMP null phenotypes in mice
| MMP | Phenotypes |
|---|---|
| -1a* | ↓ Angiogenesis; ↓ tumors |
| -2 | ↑ Tumor cell apoptosis |
| -3 | ↓ Angiogenesis; ↓ tumors |
| -7 | ↓ Intestinal adenoma formation |
| -8 | ↑ Skin tumors; ↑ response in arthritis; ↓ lung fibrosis |
| -9 | ↓ MMP-2 expression, ↓ SMC migration and neovascularization |
| -10 | ↑ Inflammation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection |
| -11 | Accelerated neointima formation in vascular injury model |
| -12 | Early pulmonary fibrosis and ↓ airway resistance |
| -13 | ↑ Interstitial collagen; defect in growth plate cartilage |
| -14 | Arthritis; osteopenia; dwarfism; ↓ macrophage infiltration |
| -16 | ↓ Growth, ↓ mesenchymal cell viability |
| -19 | Obesity; ↑ tenascin C; ↑ Th2 inflammation |
| -20 | Decreased mineral content; deteriorating enamel organ morphology |
| -24 | Abnormal mast cell degranulation |
| -15, -17, -21, -23, -25, -27 | Mouse model available but phenotype not yet published or observed |
| -1b*, -18, -22, -26 | Mouse model not available |
| -28 | ↑ Inflammation and ECM response to cardiac aging |
| TIMP-1 | ↑ Remodeling post-myocardial infarction, ↓ adipose in high-fat diet |
| TIMP-2 | Delayed neuronal differentiation, weak muscles |
| TIMP-3 | Left ventricular dilation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy |
| TIMP-4 | ↑ neutrophil infiltration |
Of note, most MMP null mice are viable and fertile and show phenotypes only under stressed conditions (17, 19, 34, 47, 49, 53, 68, 69, 74, 92, 99, 121, 124, 133, 164).
*
There are two MMP-1 genes in mice. *There are two MMP-1 genes in mice, which are MMP-1a and MMP-1b. SMC, smooth muscle cell; Th2, T-helper 2.