Table 3.

Estimates from Competing Risks Regression Model

	Model 1: Drug arrest (Wald χ² = 104.13, df = 29, p < .0001)			Model 2: Nonviolent arrest (Wald χ² = 59.49, df = 29, p < .0007)			Model 3: Violent arrest (Wald χ² = 99.27, df = 29, p < .0001)

	β	Robust SE	Hazard ratio	β	Robust SE	Hazard ratio	β	Robust SE	Hazard ratio
Social bond variables
Institutional bonds
Enrolled in school	−.022	0.266	0.98	.038	0.260	1.04	.024	0.316	1.02
Employed	−.192	0.229	0.83	−.210	0.220	0.81	−.380^†	0.224	0.68
College aspirations	−.177	0.223	0.84	−.466^*	0.203	0.63	.157	0.240	1.17
Likely to ask DCFS for help	−.351^*	0.144	0.70	−.084	0.128	0.92	.312^*	0.154	1.37
Number of independent living services	.002	0.009	1.00	.003	0.008	1.00	−.006	0.009	0.099
Relational bonds
Closeness to biological or step mother	.055	0.110	1.06	.054	0.108	1.06	.128	0.108	1.14
No biological or step mother	.375	0.378	1.45	.204	0.354	1.23	.253	0.373	1.29
Closeness to biological or step father	.094	0.102	1.10	−.018	0.111	0.98	−.106	0.108	0.90
No biological or step father	.095	0.299	1.10	.102	0.280	1.11	−.328	0.289	0.72
Closeness to substitute caregiver	−.195	0.142	0.82	.098	0.134	1.10	.072	0.138	1.07
Perceived social support	.006	0.005	1.01	.003	0.005	1.00	−.002	0.005	1.00
Control variables
Demographic
Male	1.27^***	0.288	3.57	.291	0.239	1.34	.145	0.221	1.16
African American	.468	0.285	1.60	.177	0.255	1.19	.730^**	0.278	2.08
Other race	.055	0.386	1.06	−.395	0.366	0.67	.901^**	0.330	2.46
Age at wave 1	.022	0.369	1.02	−.414	0.330	0.66	.473	0.371	1.61
Child maltreatment
Physical abuse	−.126	0.092	0.88	.079	0.071	1.08	.065	0.073	1.07
Neglect	.024	0.065	1.02	−.029	0.061	0.97	−.013	0.067	0.99
Sexual abuse or assault	−.202	0.306	0.82	−.180	0.256	0.84	.549^*	0.246	1.73
Age at entry to foster care	.021	0.030	1.00	.004	0.028	1.00	.005	0.029	1.00
Child welfare experiences
Number of placements	−.023	0.018	0.98	.036^*	0.015	1.04	.036^**	0.014	1.04
Last type of placement
Kinship care	.203	0.267	1.23	.026	0.275	1.03	.077	0.283	1.08
Group care	−.560	0.353	0.57	.609^*	0.277	1.84	.581^*	0.290	1.79
Independent living or other	−.316	0.460	0.73	.383	0.452	1.47	.312	0.451	1.37
Additional risks
Prior arrest	.405	0.256	1.50	.605^*	0.236	1.83	.819^**	0.238	2.27
Mental health diagnosis	−.138^***	0.322	0.87	−.283	0.268	0.75	−.335	0.278	0.72
Substance abuse diagnosis	.896^***	0.257	2.45	−.050	0.253	0.95	.051	0.268	1.05
Teen parent	−.681^†	0.374	0.51	.637^*	0.296	1.89	−.221	0.333	0.80
State
Iowa	−.582	0.578	0.56	.764^†	0.402	2.15	−1.790^†	0.999	0.17
Wisconsin	−.318	0.248	0.73	−.033	0.284	0.97	.265	0.283	1.30

^†

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001 (two-tailed tests).