Table 3.
Changes in Neuropsychological Test Scores between Baseline and 4-or 5-Year Follow-up, by Cumulative Exposure to Dental Compomer or Composite on Posterior-Occlusal Surfaces, Multivariable-Adjusted Coefficients for Mean (SE) Change Scoresa
| Compomer (Primary Teeth) | Composite (Permanent Teeth) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| 5-Year Exposure Category | Each additional 10 Surface- Years Exposure | 5-Year Exposure Category | Each additional 10 Surface- Years Exposure | |||||||||
| 0 | 0.1–6.0 | 6.1–13.0 | >13.0 | Beta | P | 0 | 0.1–6.0 | 4.1–14.0 | >14.0 | Beta | P | |
| Median surface-years | 0.0 | 3.1 | 9.5 | 19.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 19.5 | ||||
| N | 219 | 70 | 75 | 66 | 255 | 67 | 49 | 59 | ||||
| WISC-III Full-Scale IQ | 3.2 (0.6) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.68 | 2.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.2) | −0.4 (0.5) | 0.44 |
| Factors: | ||||||||||||
| Verbal Comprehension | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.70 | 1.6 (0.6) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.79 |
| Perceptual Organization | 3.9 (0.7) | 3.0 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.3) | −0.6 (0.7) | 0.37 | 3.9 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.3) | 4.5 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.4) | −0.4 (0.7) | 0.52 |
| Freedom from Distractibility | 3.8 (0.8) | −0.2 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.3) | 4.1 (1.5) | −0.1 (0.7) | 0.91 | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.3 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.85 |
| Processing Speed | 7.0 (0.9) | 5.1 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.7) | −0.8 (0.8) | 0.33 | 6.8 (0.8) | 5.9 (1.7) | 6.7 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.8) | −1.2 (0.8) | 0.17 |
| WIAT | ||||||||||||
| Reading | −1.7 (0.7) | 0.6 (1.3) | −2.5 (1.2) | −2.6 (1.4) | −0.6 (0.7) | 0.36 | −1.3 (0.7) | −3.9 (1.3) | −2.0 (1.5) | −0.2 (1.5) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.76 |
| Mathematics | −1.9 (0.8) | −1.7 (1.4) | −2.9 (1.3) | −4.7 (1.5) | −1.0 (0.7) | 0.15 | −2.2 (0.7) | −4.5 (1.4) | −3.1 (1.7) | −0.9 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.90 |
|
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| 4-Year Exposure Category | 4-Year Exposure Category | |||||||||||
| 0 | 0.1–6.0 | 6.1–12.0 | >12.0 | 0 | 0.1–4.0 | 4.1–10.0 | >10.0 | |||||
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|
|
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| Median surface-years | 0.0 | 3.0 | 9.1 | 19.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 13.6 | ||||
| WRAML, N | 201 | 68 | 70 | 63 | 255 | 48 | 46 | 53 | ||||
| General Memory Index | 8.0 (0.7) | 9.1 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | 7.1 (1.3) | −0.7 (0.7) | 0.31 | 7.5 (0.6) | 8 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.4) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.82 |
| Individual Index: | ||||||||||||
| Verbal Memory | 2.7 (0.7) | 3.2 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | −0.5 (0.7) | 0.43 | 2.2 (0.6) | 3.2 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.50 |
| Visual Memory | 6.5 (0.9) | 6.7 (1.6) | 4.6 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.7) | −0.7 (0.9) | 0.47 | 5.7 (0.8) | 6.9 (1.9) | 4.9 (1.9) | 7.0 (1.9) | −0.1 (1.2) | 0.95 |
| Learning | 9.9 (0.8) | 12.0 (1.5) | 10 (1.4) | 9.3 (1.6) | −0.5 (0.8) | 0.57 | 10.1 (0.8) | 9.5 (1.7) | 11.5 (1.8) | 10.2 (1.7) | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.95 |
| WRAVMA | ||||||||||||
| Visual Motor Composite | 3.3 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.4) | 5.3 (1.6) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.55 | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.1 (1.7) | 5.9 (1.8) | 1.6 (1.7) | −0.8 (1.1) | 0.45 |
| Trail-Making Test | ||||||||||||
| Part B-Part A | −27.4 (3.5) | −42.0 (6.0) | −30.2 (5.8) | −40.1 (6.5) | −5.8 (3.4) | 0.09 | −31.4 (3.1) | −29.5 (7.0) | −41.8 (7.1) | −30.6 (7.1) | −0.2 (0.4) | 0.97 |
| Verbal Cancellation | ||||||||||||
| Ordered trial: no. of errors | −19.1 (0.5) | −19.6 (0.9) | −19.0 (0.9) | −20.7 (1.0) | −0.8 (0.5) | 0.15 | −19.3 (0.5) | −19.4 (1.0) | −19.8 (1.1) | −19.7 (1.1) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.93 |
| Verbal Fluencyb | ||||||||||||
| Category fluency | 9.6 (0.4) | 10.4 (0.8) | 9.7 (0.7) | 8.6 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.4) | 0.51 | 9.5 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.9) | 10.8 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.93 |
| Letter fluency | 13.8 (0.6) | 13.0 (1.0) | 12.4 (0.9) | 11.8 (1.0) | −1.1 (0.6) | 0.05 | 13.2 (0.5) | 13.0 (1.1) | 12.9 (1.2) | 12.9 (1.1) | −0.9 (0.7) | 0.19 |
| Stroop Color-Word Interference | ||||||||||||
| Word | 25.9 (0.9) | 24.7 (1.5) | 23.4 (1.4) | 25.8 (1.8) | −0.3 (0.9) | 0.71 | 25.4 (0.8) | 25.4 (1.7) | 24.4 (1.8) | 24.9 (1.6) | −0.5 (1.0) | 0.60 |
| Color | 19.7 (0.7) | 20.6 (1.2) | 16.5 (1.2) | 17.7 (1.5) | −1.9 (0.8) | 0.02 | 19.7 (0.7) | 18.1 (1.5) | 19.9 (1.6) | 16.3 (1.3) | −1.9 (0.9) | 0.03 |
| Color-Word | 13.1 (0.6) | 13.1 (1.0) | 12.3 (0.9) | 13.1 (1.2) | −0.1 (0.6) | 0.89 | 12.9 (0.5) | 12.7 (1.2) | 14.7 (1.2) | 12.1 (1.1) | −0.5 (0.7) | 0.50 |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting | ||||||||||||
| No. of categories achieved | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.93 | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | −0.01 (0.1) | 0.97 |
| Total perseverative errors | 17.6 (1.1) | 20.6 (2.0) | 19.4 (1.9) | 21.5 (2.2) | 1.5 (1.1) | 0.19 | 18.5 (1.0) | 18.7 (2.4) | 20.1 (2.4) | 21.0 (2.3) | 2.2 (1.5) | 0.12 |
| Total errors | 15.9 (1.1) | 18.5 (2.0) | 16.4 (1.9) | 17.8 (2.2) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.54 | 16.6 (1.0) | 16.4 (2.4) | 15.5 (2.4) | 18.5 (2.3) | 1.5 (1.5) | 0.30 |
a
Means are adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, geographic study site, and baseline blood lead level. Compomer and Composite were not mutually exclusive. The N provided is for the WISC-III or WRAML.
b
Category fluency test mean is the sum of 4 trials. Letter fluency test mean is the sum of 3 trials.