Table 3.

Change in VRAM performance measures according to child demographic and testing factors^*

	N	Latency, seconds (95% CI)	Distance, maze units (95% CI)	Working Memory Count Ratio† (95% CI)	Reference Memory Count Ratio† (95% CI)
Trial (per trial)	255	−7 (−8, −6)	−0.9 (−1.0, −0.8)	0.90 (0.89, 0.91)	0.89 (0.88, 0.91)
Age (per year)	255	−6 (−9, −3)	−1.2 (−1.7, −0.6)	0.76 (0.68, 0.85)	0.91 (0.86, 0.97)
Sex
Girls	126	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Boys	129	−14 (−20, −9)	−1.2 (−2.2, −0.3)	0.81 (0.66, 0.99)	0.88 (0.79, 0.98)
Socioeconomic Status Category
High	83	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medium	101	−2 (−9, 5)	0.0 (−1.1, 1.1)	1.05 (0.82, 1.35)	0.97 (0.85, 1.10)
Low	54	3 (−5, 11)	1.2 (−0.1, 2.5)	1.25 (0.93, 1.67)	1.06 (0.91, 1.23)
Reported Sensitivity to Motion Sickness
No	209	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	46	1 (−7, 8)	0.0 (−1.3, 1.3)	1.06 (0.81, 1.39)	1.02 (0.88, 1.17)
Dizziness During Testing
No	235	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	20	20 (8, 32)	2.1 (0.1, 4.1)	1.57 (1.08, 2.30)	1.17 (0.95, 1.44)
Visual Deficits
None	181	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Astigmatism	21	0 (−10, 11)	−0.3 (−2.1, 1.5)	1.01 (0.69, 1.47)	0.95 (0.78, 1.16)
Myopia	32	−1 (−10, 8)	0.1 (−1.4, 1.5)	0.94 (0.68, 1.28)	0.99 (0.84, 1.17)
Both	12	−1 (−14, 13)	0.2 (−2.1, 2.5)	1.04 (0.64, 1.70)	0.92 (0.71, 1.19)
Other	9	−13 (−28, 3)	−2.6 (−5.2, 0.0)	0.43 (0.24, 0.79)	0.73 (0.54, 1.00)
Any	74	−1 (−4, 1)	−0.2 (−0.7, 0.2)	0.92 (0.84, 1.01)	0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

^*-All models are adjusted for trial.

^†-Count ratios represent the fold-difference in the number of working or reference memory errors relative to the reference group. Ratios >1 indicate more errors, while ratios <1 indicate less errors.

^‡-Bolded estimates are statistically significant (p<0.05). Null values for latency and distance are 0 and 1.0 for working memory and reference memory errors.