Table 5.
Adjusted change in VRAM performance measures with one standard deviation increase in psychometric test score*
| Neuropsychological Test | N | SD | Latency, seconds (95% CI) | Distance, maze units (95% CI) | Working Memory Count Ratio (95% CI) † | Reference Memory Count Ratio† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Scale IQ | 254 | 15 | −9 (−12, −6) | −1.6 (−2.2, −1.1) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.79) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.90) |
| Performance IQ | 254 | 15 | −8 (−11, −6) | −1.4 (−1.9, −0.9) | 0.73 (0.66, 0.82) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) |
| Verbal IQ | 254 | 15 | −7 (−10, −4) | −1.5 (−2.0, −0.9) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.84) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) |
| Conners ADHD Index | 247 | 10 | 1 (−1, 4) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.18) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) |
| Conners Oppositional | 247 | 10 | 0 (−2, 3) | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.5) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| Conners Cognitive/Inattention | 247 | 10 | 2 (0, 5) | 0.5 (0.0, 0.9) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.22) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) |
| Conners Hyperactivity | 247 | 10 | 0 (−3, 4) | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.0) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) |
| CVLT Trial 5 | 254 | 2 | −2 (−5, 0) | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.1) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) |
| CVLT Short Recall | 254 | 2 | −2 (−5, 0) | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.1) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| CVLT Long Recall | 254 | 2 | −2 (−4, 1) | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) |
| CVLT Perseverations | 254 | 6 | 2 (0, 5) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) |
| CVLT Intrusions | 254 | 4 | 2 (−1, 5) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.7) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
| Reaction Time | 252 | 47 | 3 (0, 5) | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.6) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| Reaction Time Standard Deviation | 252 | 25 | 3 (0, 6) | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.7) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.08) |
| Finger Tapping Speed Dominant | 251 | 6 | −2 (−5, 1) | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.2) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) |
| Finger Tapping Speed Non-Dominant | 251 | 6 | −2 (−5, 1) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
| Luria-Nebraska Motor Sum | 254 | 12 | −2 (−5, 1) | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.1) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) |
*
-All models are adjusted for trial (continuous), child age (continuous in years), child sex (males and females), and motion sickness during the test (yes and no).
†
-Count ratios represent the fold-difference in the number of working or reference memory errors relative to the reference group. Ratios >1 indicate more errors, while ratios <1 indicate less errors.
‡
-Bolded estimates are statistically significant (p<0.05). Null values for latency and distance are 0 and 1.0 for working memory and reference memory errors.
SD-Standard Deviation