Table 4.
List of genes that gain methylation in the genomes of institutionalized relative to comparison children and which products are known to be involved in the development and functioning of the brain
| Gene Symbol | Chromosome | Gene Name | Annotationa |
|---|---|---|---|
| AVPR1A | 12 | Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A | Protein kinase C binding; vasopressin receptor activity; signaling pathway; social behaviors |
| CELSR1 | 22 | Cadherin, EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1 | Calcium ion binding; structural molecule activity; cell adhesion; neuropeptide signaling pathway; CNS development |
| CHRNB3 | 8 | Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 3 | Neurotransmitter receptor activity; extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity; synaptic transmission; cholinergic |
| DDR2 | 1 | Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 | ATP binding; receptor activity, transferase activity; cell adhesion; signal transduction; regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism |
| ENO2 | 12 | Enolase 2 (gamma, neuronal) | Lyase activity; magnesium ion binding; phosphopyruvate hydratase activity; glycolysis; neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties |
| GABRA5 | 15 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, alpha 5 | GABA-A receptor activity; transporter activity; extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity; chloride transport; signal transduction |
| GRM5 | 11 | Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 | Metabotropic glutamate; GABA-B-like receptor activity; signal transduction; synaptic transmission |
| HSD3B2 | 1 | Hydroxyl-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 2 | Isomerase activity; oxidoreductase activity; glucocorticoid biosynthetic process; steroid biosynthesis |
| HTR1D | 1 | 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1D | Rhodopsin-like receptor activity; serotonin receptor activity; signal transduction; synaptic transmission; G-protein signaling; involved in anxiety, depression, and other neuropsychiatric disorders |
| HTR1F | 3 | 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1F | Rhodopsin-like receptor activity; serotonin receptor activity; signal transduction; synaptic transmission |
| IGSF11 | 3 | Immunoglobulin superfamily, member 11 | Brain- and testis-specific immunoglobulin superfamily protein; receptor activity; signal transduction; stimulator of cell growth |
| LONRF2 | 2 | LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2 | Zinc ion binding; ATP-dependent peptidase activity; ubiquitin-protein ligase activity; neurohypophyseal hormone activity |
| MRGPRX2 | 11 | MAS-related GPR, member X2 | Neuropeptide binding; rhodopsin-like receptor activity; signal transduction; sensory perception of pain; sleep |
| NLN | 5 | Neurolysin (metallopeptidase M3 family) | Zinc ion binding; hydrolase activity; metalloendopeptidase activity; termination of neurotensinergic signal in CNS and in gastrointestinal tract |
| NRIP1 | 21 | Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 | Regulation of transcription; protein binding; androgen receptor binding; estrogen receptor binding; glucocorticoid receptor binding |
| OPN5 | 6 | Opsin 5 | Rhodopsin-like receptor activity; phototransduction; visual perception; sensory perception; signal transduction |
| PCP4 | 21 | Purkinje cell protein 4 | Brain-specific polypeptide PEP19; CNS development |
| PMCH | 12 | Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone | Melanin-concentrating hormone activity; spermatogenesis; feeding behavior; cell differentiation; synaptic transmission; signal transduction |
| PMCHL2 | 5 | Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone | Melanin-concentrating hormone activity; synaptic transmission |
| PPARGC1B | 5 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 | DNA and RNA binding; receptor activity; regulation of transcription–transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor alpha and glucocorticoid receptor; chromatin modification; cell glucose homeostasis; signal transduction |
| SCRG1 | 4 | Stimulator of chondrogenesis 1 | Neurogenesis |
| TERF2IP | 16 | Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein | Dopamine receptor interacting protein 5; DNA binding; protein binding |
| TPH1 | 11 | Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 | Iron ion binding; amino acid binding; monooxygenase activity; tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity; serotonin biosynthesis from tryptophan |
| TUBA3 | 12 | Tubulin, alpha 1a | GTP binding; GTPase activity; microtubule-based movement; expressed predominantly in morphologically differentiated neurologic cell |
| UGT2B11 | 4 | UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B11 | Glucuronosyltransferase activity; estrogen metabolism; xenobiotic metabolism |
| UGT2B4 | 4 | UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4 | Glucuronosyltransferase activity; estrogen metabolism; xenobiotic metabolism |
| UGT8 | 4 | UDP glycosyltransferase 8 | Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis; CNS development; peripheral nervous system development |
| WNT8B | 10 | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 8B | Signal transducer activity; frizzled-2 signaling pathway; nervous system development |
a
The public database GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org; Rebhan et al., 1997) was used for the annotation of the genes in terms of GO functions and processes.