Table 2. Summary of literature on comparative behavior of MNCs and local pharmaceutical/chemical producers

Country	Analytical Method	Conclusion(s)	Reference
Turkey	Surveys	Comparison of the product structure of MNCs and that of local firms. No significant difference between them in terms of the products that they produce and market. The author could NOT conclude that the presence of local firms in the Turkish pharmaceutical industry had been beneficial because; "...all the negative aspects of pharmaceutical production and exchange which the critics have attributed solely to MNCs have been similarly reproduced by local firms in the pharmaceutical industry in Turkey. " Local firms and MNCs were equally involved in overpricing activities. The available evidence indicated that MNCs overpriced to an even higher extent than local firms.	[26]
India	Firm-level data from National Statistics Office: Econometric study	Domestic firms, most of which are controlled by family based structures, enjoy higher efficiencies (operating profit margins, net profit margins, fixed asset turnover, working capital, inventory holding period, and many others) than affiliates of MNCs	[27]
Bangladesh	Stock exchange data/Econometric study	Domestic production's cost advantage over large MNCs gives local products a price advantage. MNCs have more advantageous infrastructures, technology, finances and administration	[28]