TABLE 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis¹

								Glucose		Insulin
Study	Year	Design	Sample size	Subjects	Duration	Control diet	TFA intake	Control group	High-TFA group	Control group	High-TFA group
			n		wk		% of total energy intake	mmol/L		μIU/mL
Tardy et al (18)	2009	RCT	63	O	4	Isoenergetic substitution of TFAs with cis MUFAs	2.59	5.22 ± 0.012	5.28 ± 0.01	10.00 ± 0.64	13.20 ± 1.19
Lovejoy et al (19)	2002	RCT-X	25	NO	4	Isoenergetic substitution of TFAs with oleic acid	9.0	4.90 ± 0.10	4.70 ± 0.10	26.2 ± 1.80	25.20 ± 1.8
Louheranta et al (20)	1999	RCT-X	14	NO	4	Isoenergetic substitution of TFAs with cis MUFAs	5.10	5.00 ± 0.10	5.00 ± 0.10	7.40 ± 0.50	8.10 ± 0.6
Lichtenstein et al (21)	2003	RCT-X	36	NO	5	Isoenergetic substitution of soybean oil with sticky margarine	7.83	5.06 ± 0.07	5.06 ± 0.09	11.20 ± 0.85	11.20 ± 0.81
Vega-López et al (23)	2006	RCT-X	15	HL	5	Isoenergetic substitution of TFAs with cis PUFAs	4.15	4.81 ± 0.10	4.94 ± 0.11	9.60 ± 0.97	11.50 ± 1.07
Sundram et al (22)	2007	RCT-X	30	NO	4	Isoenergetic substitution of partially hydrogenated soybean oil with palm olein	3.20	5.60 ± 0.01	5.90 ± 0.01	10.10 ± 0.15	9.10 ± 0.10
Bendsen et al (17)	2011	RCT	27C, 25T	OW, PM	16	Isoenergetic substitution of TFAs with oleic and palmitic acids	7.00	5.30 ± 0.02	5.20 ± 0.02	32.00 ± 2.07	33.00 ± 2.07

¹For all studies that had a crossover design, the sample size refers to the number of subjects who went through each phase of the study (ie, all subjects who completed a low–TFA-intake arm and a high–TFA-intake arm. For RCTs, the numbers of subjects who completed the low– and high–TFA-intake arms are given separately. C, control diet; HL, hyperlipidemic; NO, nonobese; O, obese; OW, overweight; PM, postmenopausal; RCT, randomized placebo-controlled trial; RCT-X, randomized placebo-controlled trial with crossover design; T, diet enriched with TFAs; TFA, trans fatty acid.

²Mean ± SEM (all such values).