TABLE 1.
Characteristics of subjects according to erythrocyte palmitoleic acid quartiles
| Quartile of palmitoleic acid |
||||
| 1 (n = 777) | 2 (n = 777) | 3 (n = 776) | 4 (n = 777) | |
| Palmitoleic acid | 0.21 ± 0.041 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.19 |
| Age (y) | 57.9 ± 5.8 | 58.9 ± 6.1 | 58.7 ± 6.1 | 59.4 ± 6.0 |
| Female [n (%)] | 400 (51.5) | 447 (57.5) | 459 (59.2) | 472 (60.8) |
| Urban residents [n (%)] | 423 (54.4) | 410 (52.8) | 393 (50.6) | 348 (44.8) |
| Northern residents [n (%)] | 446 (57.4) | 394 (50.7) | 350 (45.1) | 325 (41.8) |
| Education ≥10 y [n (%)] | 223 (28.7) | 169 (21.8) | 183 (23.6) | 151 (19.4) |
| Current smoking [n (%)] | 230 (29.6) | 206 (26.5) | 196 (25.3) | 193 (24.8) |
| Current drinking [n (%)] | 133 (30.0) | 132 (29.7) | 134 (30.1) | 118 (26.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 25.2 ± 3.9 |
| Physical activity [n (%)] | ||||
| Low | 39 (5.0) | 61 (7.6) | 60 (7.7) | 73 (9.4) |
| Moderate | 361 (46.5) | 326 (42.0) | 329 (42.4) | 326 (42.0) |
| High | 377 (48.5) | 390 (50.2) | 387 (49.9) | 378 (48.7) |
| Self-reported chronic diseases [n (%)]2 | 238 (30.6) | 224 (28.8) | 236 (30.4) | 236 (30.4) |
| Family history of chronic diseases [n (%)]3 | 265 (34.1) | 256 (33.0) | 258 (33.3) | 264 (34.0) |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 2258 ± 639 | 2219 ± 618 | 2235 ± 614 | 2209 ± 609 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 57.2 ± 8.9 | 59.1 ± 8.9 | 59.6 ± 9.8 | 61.4 ± 9.8 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 30.5 ± 7.9 | 29.0 ± 8.1 | 28.1 ± 8.2 | 26.7 ± 8.2 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 13.2 ± 2.5 | 12.8 ± 2.4 | 12.7 ± 2.7 | 12.3 ± 2.7 |
| Dietary fiber (g/d) | 14.1 ± 5.4 | 13.3 ± 5.3 | 12.9 ± 5.2 | 12.3 ± 5.3 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 48.6 ± 46.5 | 48.6 ± 46.1 | 45.2 ± 45.3 | 41.1 ± 41.4 |
| Erythrocyte PUFAs | 41.3 ± 3.5 | 40.6 ± 4.0 | 39.7 ± 4.0 | 38.9 ± 3.8 |
| Erythrocyte SFAs | 42.0 ± 3.9 | 42.1 ± 4.1 | 42.3 ± 3.9 | 42.0 ± 3.5 |
1
Mean ± SD (all such values).
2
Includes self-reported coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes.
3
Includes coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes in a parent or a first-degree sibling.