TABLE 3.
ORs (and 95% CIs) of the metabolic syndrome and its components according to palmitoleic acid quartiles1
| Palmitoleic acid quartiles |
|||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P2 | |
| Metabolic syndrome (no. of cases) | 233 | 306 | 344 | 446 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 1.57 (1.26, 1.95) | 2.04 (1.64, 2.54) | 3.76 (3.01, 4.69) | <0.001 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 1.58 (1.22, 2.05) | 2.02 (1.55, 2.63) | 3.50 (2.66, 4.59) | <0.001 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.14, 1.98) | 1.77 (1.34, 2.35) | 2.54 (1.90, 3.41) | <0.001 |
| Central obesity | 326 | 362 | 381 | 431 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.50) | 1.39 (1.13, 1.72) | 1.90 (1.53, 2.35) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 0.76 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.12) | 0.18 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 83 | 131 | 196 | 346 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.81 (1.34, 2.44) | 3.17 (2.38, 4.21) | 8.48 (6.42, 11.20) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.80 (1.32, 2.44) | 3.08 (2.30, 4.14) | 7.88 (5.90, 10.52) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.74 (1.24, 2.43) | 2.97 (2.16, 4.10) | 5.95 (4.33, 8.19) | <0.001 |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol | 237 | 312 | 330 | 437 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.53 (1.23, 1.90) | 1.66 (1.34, 2.06) | 3.05 (2.45, 3.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.48 (1.18, 1.87) | 1.54 (1.22, 1.93) | 2.57 (2.03, 3.24) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.40 (1.11, 1.78) | 1.41 (1.11, 1.79) | 2.13 (1.66, 2.72) | <0.001 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 463 | 557 | 541 | 589 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.70 (1.37, 2.13) | 1.61 (1.29, 2.01) | 2.15 (1.71, 2.70) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.73 (1.35, 2.21) | 1.56 (1.22, 2.00) | 1.91 (1.47, 2.47) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.75 (1.36, 2.25) | 1.56 (1.21, 2.01) | 1.86 (1.41, 2.44) | <0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia | 333 | 305 | 304 | 314 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 0.30 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.92 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.09 |
Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans.
Calculated by using multivariable logistic regression.
Adjusted for age, sex, region, and residence.
Adjusted as for model 1 plus physical activity, education, BMI (except when modeling associations for central obesity), smoking, drinking, family history of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, self-reported chronic diseases, total energy, carbohydrate intake as a percentage of total energy intake, dietary fiber, and red meat.
Adjusted as for model 2 plus adiponectin, retinol binding protein 4, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.