Table 1.

Increases in the prevalence of some common human diseases and disorders, and releationship to genotype, epigenetic factors and environmental agents.

Disorder	GWAS	% variance explained or OR	Increase in prevalence	Epigenetic effect	Environmental agents
Obesity	Y	<10% [311]	100% between 1991 and 2011	Y	EDCs, obesogens, arsenic, maternal obesity and maternal diabetes
Diabetes	Y	Average OR: 1.18 for ten SNPs with strong association [312]	176% between 1980 and 2010	Y	EDCs
Asthma	Y	OR: 1.08–2.04 for SNPs associated with non-toluene- induced disease [313]	75% between 1980 and 1994	Y	Second-hand smoke, automobile exhausts and industrial emissions
ADHD	Y	OR: 0.45–1.65 for top 25 SNPs [314]	33% between 1997 and 2008	Y	EDCs
ASD	Y	OR: 0.56–1.19 for five SNPs with strongest association [315]	289.5% between 1997 and 2008	Y	EDCs
Hypertension	Y	OR: 0.85–0.9, few SNPs confirmed except in extreme case–control designs [316]	60% between 1995 and 2005	Y	EDCs and maternal diet
Low birthweight	N	Not available	Increased use of assisted reproduction, advanced maternal age	Y	PFOS, PFOA and covariates
Cancer	Y	OR: 1.1–2.5, depending on disease [317]	Overall cancer rates are in decline since 2008, but specific cancers (e.g., lung cancer in women) are increasing and some are linked to environmental factors	Y	BPA, cadmium, arsenic and dioxins

ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; BPA: Bisphenol A; EDC: Endocrine-disrupting compound; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; N: No; OR: Odds ratio; PFOA: Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFOS: Perfluorooctanoic acid; Y: Yes.