Table 5.
DBP exposure estimates.
| DBP Intake (μgkg−1d−1) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Adult | Teen | Child | Toddler | Infant |
| Present evaluation | |||||
| Update to Clark et al. (2003b), using concentrations in Table 2. Median intake, based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years. Data format: median (95th percentile) | Age 20 to 70 y: 1.2 (3.0) | Age 12 to 19 y: 1.2 (4.0) | Age 5 to 11 y: 2.4 (8.1) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 3.4 (12) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 1.5 (5.7) formula-fed; 0.78 (4.0) breast-fed |
| Clark et al. (2003b) | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years | Age 20 to 70 y: 5.6 (median) | Age 12 to 19 y: 6.4 (median) | Age 5 to 11 y: 11 (median) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 14 (median) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 1.5 (formula-fed); 2.9 (breast-fed) (median) |
| Wormuth et al. (2006) + suppl data | |||||
| Europe: based on oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways, including consumer products; data format = low, intermediate, high estimate; F = female; M = male | Age 18 to 80 y: F: 1.42; 5.33; 54.20 M: 1.63; 4.31; 25.82 |
Age 11 to 18 y: F: 0.19; 1.74; 17.35 M: 0.17; 1.37; 17.02 |
Age 4 to 10 y: 0.83; 2.41; 19.60 |
Age 1 to 3 y: 0.35; 2.62; 26.74 |
Age 0 to 1 y: 1.02; 7.37; 45.63 |
| Franco et al. (2007) | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years | 2.7 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Based on ingestion of leaf and root crops, fish, beef, dairy, drinking water, and inhalation of outdoor air using the EUSES model and data from the Netherlands | 0.21 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Wilson et al. (2003) | |||||
| USA (1997): Based on ingestion of food, dust, and soil and inhalation of indoor and outdoor air | — | — | — | Age 2 to 5 y: 1.4 (mean); 0.745 to 2.85 (range) | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2003) | |||||
| Japan (2001): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg. | 0.26 | — | — | — | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2001a) | |||||
| Japan (1999): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg | 0.29 | — | — | — | — |
| Itoh et al. (2007) | |||||
| Japan: Based on ingestion of food and inhalation of indoor air; data compiled from various sources Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP (2004); N = 35 |
0.44 to 0.75 — (range of means) 1.7 (mean) | — | — | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | ||
| Fromme et al. (2007a and b) | |||||
| Germany (2005): N = 50 (27 female + 23 male) Calculated from composite dietary samples collected over 7 days |
Age 14 to 60 y: 0.26 (median); 1.35 (95th percentile); 0.12–1.63 (range) |
— | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; data format: median (95th percentile) | Total: 1.7 (4.2)Female: 1.7 (4.4); Male: 1.8 (3.9) | — | — | — | |
| — | — | — | |||
| Fromme et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany (2002: Koch et al 2003a): N = 85Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; data format: median (95th percentile) | Age 7 to 63 y: Female: 6.0 (17.5); Male: 4.6 (15.9) | — | — | ||
| Wittassek et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; male and female adults; data format: median; 95th percentile; (range) | Age 20 to 29 y: | — | — | — | — |
| 1988 (N = 60) | 7.0; 24.2; (0.72–27.8) | — | — | — | — |
| 1989 (N = 60) | 7.5; 21.7; (1.5–70.1) | — | — | — | — |
| 1991 (N = 60) | 6.4; 14.3; (2.1–28.7) | — | — | — | — |
| 1993 (N = 60) | 6.6; 44.4; (1.5–56.3) | — | — | — | — |
| 1996 (N = 145) | 3.7; 15.5; (1.1–90.2) | — | — | — | — |
| 1998 (N = 68) | 3.1; 11.9; (0.22–20.3) | — | — | — | — |
| 1999 (N = 60) | 2.8; 16.2; (0.83–32.8) | — | — | — | — |
| 2001 (N = 60) | 2.5; 19.4; (0.81–116) | — | — | — | — |
| 2003 (N = 59) | 1.9; 5.3; (0.49–71.8) | — | — | — | — |
| Total male (N = 325) | 3.7; 16.2; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Total female (N = 307) | 4.6; 20.3; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Overall total (N = 632) | 4.1; 19.1; (0.22–116) | — | — | — | — |
| Wittassek and Angerer (2008) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; N = 102 | Age 6 to 80 y:2.1 (median); 230 (maximum) | — | — | ||
| Children: N = 239 | Age 2 to 14 y: | ||||
| Creatinine-based model | — | 4.1 (median); 76.4 (maximum) | — | ||
| Volume-based model | — | 7.6 (median); 110 (maximum) | — | ||
| CDC (2005)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 2001–2002): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | |||||
| N = 2,772 | Age 6+ y: Total: 0.65 (3.0); Male: 0.60 (2.5); Female: 0.71 (3.0) | — | — | ||
| N = 1638 | Age 20+ y: 0.58 (2.6) | — | — | — | — |
| N = 742 | — | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.39 (1.8) | — | — | — |
| N = 392 | — | — | Age 6 to 11 y: 0.71 (2.9) | — | — |
| Marsee et al. (2006) | |||||
| USA (2000–2003): pregnant women (N = 214): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP | 0.84 (median); 2.33 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| CDC (2003)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 1999–2000): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP + MiBP; data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | |||||
| N = 2,541 | Age 6+ y: Total: 0.81 (3.5); Male: 0.72 (2.7); Female: 0.93 (4.3) | — | — | ||
| N = 1,461 | Age 20+ y: 0.74 (3.3) | — | — | — | — |
| N = 752 | — | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.49 (1.8) | — | — | — |
| N = 328 | — | — | Age 6 to 11 y: 0.84 (3.2) | — | — |
| Brock et al. (2002)a | |||||
| USA (2000): Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; 19 children; 30 samples | — | — | — | Age 11.8 to 16.5 months: 2.45 (geo mean); 16.6 (95th percentile) | — |
| David (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP (Blount et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 1.56 (geo mean); 6.87 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Kohn et al. (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP (Blount et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 1.5 (median); 7.2 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Huang et al. (2006) | |||||
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; pregnant women; N = 28 | 9.28 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Chen et al. (2008) | |||||
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBP; N = 60 (41 female, 18 male) | Age 21 to 67 y: 2.2 (median); nd to 23.5 (range) | — | — | — | — |
aDaily intake calculated from reported urinary metabolite data, as described in text.
NA = Not available
nd = Not detected