Table 7.
BBP exposure estimates.
| BBP Intake (μgkg−1d−1) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Adult | Teen | Child | Toddler | Infant |
| Present evaluation | |||||
| Update to Clark et al. (2003b), using concentrations in Table 2. Median intake, based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years. Data format: median (95th percentile) | Age 20 to 70 y: 0.50 (1.4) | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.49 (1.9) | Age 5 to 11 y: 0.97 (4.0) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 1.5 (6.1) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 0.51 (6.1) formula-fed; 0.53 (6.1) breast-fed |
| Clark et al. (2003b) | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years | Age 20 to 70 y: 3.7 (median) | Age 12 to 19 y: 5.7 (median) | Age 5 to 11 y: 7.9 (median) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 9.3 (median) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 1.5 (median) |
| Wormuth et al. (2006) + suppl data | |||||
| Europe: based on oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways, including consumer products; data format = low, intermediate, high estimate; F = female; M = male | Age 18 to 80 y:F: 0.02; 0.24; 2.62 M: 0.02; 0.26; 2.97 | Age 11 to 18 y:F: 0.02; 0.11; 2.24 M: 0.02; 0.13; 2.76 | Age 4 to 10 y: 0.01; 0.13; 1.68 | Age 1 to 3 y: 0.02; 0.44; 5.89 | Age 0 to 1 y: 0.06; 1.16; 11.70 |
| Wilson et al. (2003) | |||||
| USA (1997): Based on ingestion of food (composite samples), dust, and soil and inhalation of indoor and outdoor air | — | — | — | Age 2 to 5 y:1.9 (mean); 0.744 to 2.88 (range) | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2003) | |||||
| Japan (2001): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg. | 0.068 | — | — | — | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2001a) | |||||
| Japan (1999): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg | 0.094 | — | — | — | — |
| Itoh et al. (2007) | |||||
| Japan: | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food and inhalation of indoor air; data compiled from various sources | 0.062 to 0.083 (range of means) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP (2004); N = 35 | 0.093 (mean) | — | — | — | — |
| Fromme et al. (2007a and b) | |||||
| Germany (2005): N = 50 (27 female + 23 male) | Age 14 to 60 y: | ||||
| Calculated from composite dietary samples collected over 7 days | 0.23 (median); 0.38 (95th percentile); 0.11–0.50 (range) | — | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; data format: median (95th percentile) | Total: 0.2 (1.2) | — | — | — | |
| Female: 0.2 (1.5); Male: 0.2 (1.0) | — | — | — | ||
| Fromme et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany (2002: Koch et al 2003a): N = 85 | Age 7 to 63 y: | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; data format: median (95th percentile) | Female: 0.6 (2.5); Male: 0.5 (2.4) | — | — | ||
| Wittassek and Angerer (2008) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; N = 102 | Age 6 to 80 y: 0.3 (median); 2.2 (maximum) | — | — | ||
| Children: N = 239 | Age 2 to 14 y: | ||||
| Creatinine-based model | — | — | 0.42 (median); 13.9 (maximum) | — | — |
| Volume-based model | — | — | 0.77 (median); 31.3 (maximum) | — | — |
| Wittassek et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; male and female adults; data format: median; 95th percentile; (range) | Age 20 to 29 y: | ||||
| 1988 (N = 60) | 0.25; 0.77; (0.02–6.6) | — | — | — | — |
| 1989 (N = 60) | 0.30; 2.2; (0.07–2.8) | — | — | — | — |
| 1991 (N = 60) | 0.43; 1.6; (0.11–2.8) | — | — | — | — |
| 1993 (N = 60) | 0.27; 1.9; (0.07–2.2) | — | — | — | — |
| 1996 (N = 145) | 0.29; 5.5; (0.04–27.3) | — | — | — | — |
| 1998 (N = 68) | 0.22; 1.4; (0.01–4.0) | — | — | — | — |
| 1999 (N–60) | 0.21; 3.7; (0.03–10.9) | — | — | — | — |
| 2001 (N = 60) | 0.22; 0.75; (0.02–0.99) | — | — | — | — |
| 2003 (N = 59) | 0.22; 0.91; (0.05–1.74) | — | — | — | — |
| Total male (N = 325) | 0.25; 1.9; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Total female (N = 307) | 0.28; 1.5; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Overall total (N = 632) | 0.26; 1.6; (0.01–27.3) | — | — | — | — |
| CDC (2005)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 2001–2002): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | |||||
| N = 2,772 | Age 6+ y: Total: 0.47 (3.0); Male: 0.49 (3.1); Female: 0.47 (2.9) | — | — | ||
| N = 1,638 | Age 20+ y: 0.40 (2.2) | — | — | — | — |
| N = 742 | — | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.33 (1.8) | — | — | — |
| N = 392 | — | — | Age 6 to 11 y: 0.70 (3.6) | — | — |
| Marsee et al. (2006) | |||||
| USA (2000–2003): pregnant women (N = 214): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP | 0.50 (median); 2.47 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Brock et al. (2002)a | |||||
| USA (2000): Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; 19 children; 30 samples | — | — | — | Age 11.8 to 16.5 months: 1.5 (geo mean); 6.4 (95th percentile) | — |
| CDC (2003)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 1999–2000): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | |||||
| N = 2,541 | Age 6+ y: Total: 0.47 (2.6); Male: 0.49 (2.8); Female: 0.46 (2.4) | — | — | ||
| N = 1,461 | Age 20 + y: 0.39 (1.9) | — | — | — | — |
| N = 752 | — | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.32 (1.3) | — | — | — |
| N = 328 | — | — | Age 6 to 11 y: 0.73 (2.6) | — | — |
| David (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP (Blount, et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 0.73 (geo mean); 3.34 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Kohn et al. (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP (Blount, et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 0.88 (median); 4.0 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Huang et al. (2006) | |||||
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; pregnant women; N = 28 | <0.1 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Chen et al. (2008) | |||||
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MBzP; N = 60 (41 female, 18 male) | Age 21 to 67 y: 0.2 (median); nd to 1.6 (range) | — | — | — | — |
aDaily intake calculated from reported urinary metabolite data, as described in text.
NA = Not available
nd = Not detected