Table 8.
DEHP exposure estimates.
| DEHP Intake (μgkg−1 d−1) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Adult | Teen | Child | Toddler | Infant |
| Present evaluation | |||||
| Update to Clark et al. (2003b), using concentrations in Table 2. Median intake, based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years. Data format: median (95th percentile) | Age 20 to 70 y: 11 (31) | Age 12 to 19 y: 11 (42) | Age 5 to 11 y: 20 (81) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 30 (124) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 5.0 (27) formula— fed; 16 (66) breast—fed |
| Clark et al. (2003b) | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years | Age 20 to 70 y: 8.2 (median) | Age 12 to 19 y: 10 (median) | Age 5 to 11 y: 19 (median) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 26 (median) | Age 0 to 0.5 y:5.0 (formula—fed); 7.3 (breast—fed) (median) |
| Wormuth et al. (2006) + suppl data | |||||
| Europe: based on oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways, including consumer products; data format = low, intermediate, high estimate; F = female; M = male | Age 18 to 80 y:F: 0.23; 2.06; 11.39 M: 0.26; 2.25; 12.93 | Age 11 to 18 y:F: 0.10; 1.25; 10.40 M: 0.14; 1.68; 14.25 | Age 4 to 10 y: 0.17; 2.00; 14.51 | Age 1 to 3 y: 0.24; 4.91; 47.23 | Age 0 to 1 y 0.54; 12.33; 106.67 |
| Franco et al. (2007) | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years | 5.6 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Based on ingestion of leaf and root crops, fish, beef, dairy, drinking water, and inhalation of outdoor air using the EUSES model and data from the NetherlandsJensen and Knudsen (2006) | 0.68 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Denmark: estimated intake due to exposure to consumer products and dust indoors | — | — | — | 10–20 (typical); 50–250 (worst case) | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2003) | |||||
| Japan (2001): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg. | 3.2 | — | — | — | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2001a) | |||||
| Japan (1999): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg | 10.4 | — | — | — | — |
| Itoh et al. (2007) | |||||
| Japan: | |||||
| Based on ingestion of food and inhalation of indoor air; data compiled from various sources | 2.1 to 2.8 (range of means) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP (2004); N = 35 | 2.7 (mean) | — | — | — | — |
| Fujimaki et al. (2006) | |||||
| Japan (2003): pregnant women; N = 40 | median (range) | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | 10.4 (3.45–41.6) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | 4.55 (0.66–17.9) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | 3.51 (1.47–8.57) | — | — | — | — |
| Fromme et al. (2007a and b) | |||||
| Germany (2005): N = 50 (27 female + 23 male) Calculated from composite dietary samples collected over 7 days |
Age 14 to 60 y: 2.43 (median); 3.95 (95th percentile); 1.0–4.80 (range) |
— | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | Total: 2.2 (median); 7.2 (95th percentile)Female: 1.9 (7.1); Male: 2.4 (7.6) | — | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | Total: 2.3 (median); 7.2 (95th percentile)Female: 2.3 (8.2); Male: 2.5 (6.5) | — | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | Total: 2.0 (median); 6.5 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | |
| Female: 1.7 (7.0); Male: 2.3 (6.0) | — | — | — | ||
| Fromme et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany (2002: Koch et al. 2003a): Age 7 to 63 y; N = 85 | median (95th percentile): | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | Female: 4.0 (14.8); Male: 4.5 (20.5) | — | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | Female: 4.8 (16.2); Male: 6.3 (23.3) | — | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | Female: 3.7 (14.2); Male: 5.9 (23.6) | — | — | ||
| Wittassek et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from sum of urinary metabolite data for MEHHP + MEOHP + MECPP + MCMHP + MEHP; male and female adults 20 to 29 y | median; 95th percentile; (range) | ||||
| 1988 (N = 60) | 3.9; 9.9; (0.78–39.8) | — | — | — | — |
| 1989 (N = 60) | 4.2; 10.0; (0.84–33.6) | — | — | — | — |
| 1991 (N = 60) | 4.0; 18.8; (1.2–23.6) | — | — | — | — |
| 1993 (N = 60) | 4.2; 12.9; (1.4–14.1) | — | — | — | — |
| 1996 (N = 145) | 3.7; 13.4; (0.76–30.4) | — | — | — | — |
| 1998 (N = 68) | 3.1; 8.1; (0.19–10.9) | — | — | — | — |
| 1999 (N–60) | 2.7; 9.6; (1.0–13.9) | — | — | — | — |
| 2001 (N = 60) | 3.1; 7.4; (1.1–20.1) | — | — | — | — |
| 2003 (N = 59) | 2.4; 5.7; (0.82–7.1) | — | — | — | — |
| Total male (N = 325) | 3.4; 10.2; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Total female (N = 307) | 3.5; 10.5; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Overall total (N = 632) | 3.5; 10.1; (0.19–39.8) | — | — | — | — |
| Wittassek and Angerer (2008) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHHP + MEOHP + MECPP + MCMHP + MEHP; N = 102 | Age 6 to 80 y: 2.7 (median); 42.2 (maximum) |
— | — | ||
| Wittassek et al. (2007a) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHHP + MEOHP + MECPP + MCMHP + MEHP; Children: N = 239 (paper contains additional breakdown of data by age and gender) | Age 2 to 14 y: | ||||
| Creatinine-based model | — | 4.3 (median); 15.2 (95th percentile); 0.6–140 (range) | — | ||
| Volume-based model | — | 7.8 (median); 25.2 (95th percentile); 0.4–409 (range) | — | ||
| Calafat and McKee (2006) | |||||
| USA (NHANES 2001–2002: CDC, 2005); data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | Age 6 to > 20 y: (N = 2,772) | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | 0.9 (7.1) | — | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | 2.1 (16.8) | — | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | 2.2 (15.6) | — | — | ||
| Age 12 to 19 y:(N = 742) | Age 6 to 11 y:(N = 392) | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | — | 0.8 (5.5) | 0.6 (3.7) | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | — | 2.2 (11.6) | 2.4 (13.2) | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | — | 2.4 (12.6) 2.6 (12.8) | — | — | |
| Germany (2001–2002: Becker et al., 2004); data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | Age 3 to 14 y: (N = 254) | ||||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | — | 0.7 (2.8) | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | — | 2.6 (10.7) | — | ||
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | — | 3.1 (11.7) | — | ||
| Marsee et al. (2006) | |||||
| USA (2000–2003): pregnant women (N = 214) | median (95th percentile): | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHP | 2.37; (16.8) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEHHP | 1.33; (9.11) | — | — | — | — |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MEOHP | 2.00; (12.8) | ||||
| Brock et al. (2002)a | |||||
| USA (2000): Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP; 19 children; 30 samples | — | — | — | Age 11.8 to 16.5 months: 1.8 (geo mean); 7.0 (95th percentile) |
— |
| CDC (2003)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 1999–2000): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP; data format: geo mean (95th percentile) | |||||
| N = 2,541 | Age 6+ y: Total: 0.73 (4.3); Male: 0.78 (5.8): Female: 0.71 (3.4) | — | — | ||
| N = 1,461 | Age 20+ y: 0.71 (4.1) | — | — | — | — |
| N = 752 | — | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.33 (1.6) | — | — | — |
| N = 328 | — | — | Age 6 to 11 y: 0.67 (5.4) | — | — |
| David (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP (Blount, et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 0.60 (geo mean); 3.05 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Kohn et al. (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP (Blount, et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 0.71 (median); 3.6 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Huang et al. (2006) | |||||
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP; pregnant women; N = 28Chen et al. (2008) | 5.17 (median) | — | — | — | — |
| Taiwan (undated): Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MEHP; N = 60 (41 female, 18 male) | Age 21 to 67 y: 33.9 (median); 0.1 to 309.6 (ranee) | — | — | — | — |
aDaily intake calculated from reported urinary metabolite data, as described in text. One half detection limit used for non-detect results.
NA = Not available