Table 9.
DiNP exposure estimates.
| DiNP Intake (μgkg−1d−1 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Adult | Teen | Child | Toddler | Infant |
| Present evaluation | |||||
| Using method described in Clark et al. (2003b) and concentrations in Table 2. Median intake, based on ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, and inhalation of air using data compiled from various countries and various years. Data format: median (95th percentile) | Age 20 to 70 y: 0.67 (2.0) | Age 12 to 19 y: 0.67 (2.6) | Age 5 to 11 y: 1.3 (5.5) | Age 0.5 to 4 y: 2.1 (8.7) | Age 0 to 0.5 y: 0.76 (9.9) |
| Wormuth et al. (2006) + suppl data | |||||
| Europe: based on oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways, including consumer products; data format = low, intermediate, high estimate; F = female; M = male | Age 18 to 80 y: F: 0.01; 0.01; 0.26 M: 0.01; 0.01; 0.28 | Age 11 to 18 y: F: 0.01; 0.01; 0.24 M: 0.01; 0.01; 0.29 | Age 4 to 10 y: 0.00; 0.14; 6.22 | Age 1 to 3 y: 0.01; 5.16; 75.34 | Age 0 to 1 y: 0.02; 16.03; 152.40 |
| Tsumura et al. (2003) | |||||
| Japan (2001): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg | 0.094 | — | — | — | — |
| Tsumura et al. (2001a) | |||||
| Japan (1999): Based on total diet study of hospital food; calculated using body weight of 50 kg | 1.3 | — | — | — | — |
| Gill et al. (2001) | |||||
| Estimates compiled from various sourcesExposure due to mouthing of children's products | — | — | — | Age 1 to 3 y: 39 (average); 5–228 (range) | Age 0.3 to 0.5 y: 73.9 (95th percentile) |
| All sources other than mouthing children's products | — | — | — | Age 0.3 to 3 y: 50 (average) | — |
| Fromme et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany (2005): N = 50 (27 female + 23 male) | Age 14 to 60 y: | — | — | — | |
| Calculated from urinary metabolite data: MHiNP | Total: 0.7 (median); 3.5 (95th percentile) |
— | — | — | |
| Female: 0.6 (3.5); Male: 0.8 (3.5) | — | — | — | ||
| Wittassek et al. (2007b) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from sum of urinary metabolite data for MOiNP + MHiNP; male and female adults; data format: median; 95th percentile; (range) | Age 20 to 29 y: | — | — | — | — |
| 1988 (N = 60) | 0.20; 1.4; (0.04–2.2) | — | — | — | — |
| 1989 (N = 60) | 0.24; 2.2; (0.03–12.9) | — | — | — | — |
| 1991 (N = 60) | 0.22; 4.5; (0.05–20.2) | — | — | — | — |
| 1993 (N = 60) | 0.27; 1.7; (0.04–2.6) | — | — | — | — |
| 1996 (N = 145) | 0.33; 1.6; (0.02–3.4) | — | — | — | — |
| 1998 (N = 68) | 0.30; 7.8; (0.06–11.7) | — | — | — | — |
| 1999 (N–60) | 0.32; 1.9; (0.05–3.1) | — | — | — | — |
| 2001 (N = 60) | 0.34; 2.3; (0.10–4.4) | — | — | — | — |
| 2003 (N = 59) | 0.40; 1.5; (0.12–3.2) | — | — | — | — |
| Total male (N = 325) | 0.27; 1.7; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Total female (N = 307) | 0.32; 1.7; (NA) | — | — | — | — |
| Overall total (N = 632) | 0.29; 1.7; (0.03–20.2) | — | — | — | — |
| Wittassek and Angerer (2008) | |||||
| Germany: Calculated from urinary metabolite data for MiNP + MOiNP + MHiNP + MCiNP; N = 102 | Age 6 to 80 y:0.6 (median); 36.8 (maximum) | — | — | ||
| CDC (2003)a | |||||
| USA (NHANES 1999–2000): Calculated | Age 6 + y (N = 2,541): Total: 6.1; Male: 7.0; Female: 5.5 | — | — | ||
| from urinary metabolite data for MiNP; 95th percentile | Age 20 + y (N = 1461): 6.6 | Age 12 to 19 y (N = 752): 1.5 | Age 6 to 11 y(N = 328): 4.7 | — | — |
| David (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MiNP (Blount et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 0.21 (geo mean); 1.08 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
| Kohn et al. (2000) | |||||
| USA (1988–1994; NHANES III). Intake calculated from urinary metabolite data for MiNP (Blount et al. 2000); N = 289 | Age 20 to 60 y: 1.7 (95th percentile) | — | — | — | — |
a
Daily intake calculated from reported urinary metabolite data, as described in text.
NA = Not available