Table 2.
Clinical trials of fructose malabsorption and intolerance in adults
| Study Population | Test Substance and Dose |
Breath Testing Regimen |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Year | N (M/F) | Sugar | Dose, g | Conc,%a | Positive Breath Test,%n | Rise Above Baseline Required for Positive Result, ppm | Correlation of Symptoms With H2 Peakb | Freq, min | Dur, h |
| Healthy Subjects | |||||||||
| Beyer et al. (2005) | 15 (6/9) | F | 25 | 200 mL H2O | 53 | ≥20 | No | 30 | 3 |
| 15 | F | 50 | 200 mL H2O | 73 | No | ||||
| Born et al. (1995)c | 34 (12/22) | F | 25 | NR | 38 | ≥20 | No | 30 | 2 |
| Densupsoontorn et al. (200l) | 77 (37/40) | F | 25 | 10 | 14 | ≥20 | No | 30 | 2 |
| 9 (0/9) | F+G | 25+25 | 20 | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| Hoekstra et al. (1993) | 12 (5/7) | F | 6 mL/kg | 10 | 0 | ≥20 | No symptoms | 30 | 2.5 |
| 12 | F+Sor | 6 + 0.6 mL/kg | 10 | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| Ladas et al. (2000) | 32 (15/17) | F | 25 | 250 mL H2O | 19 | ≥20 | No | 15 | 6 |
| 32 | F | 50 | 250 mL H2O | 81 | No | ||||
| Madsen et al. (2006)d | 11 (6/5) | F+Sor | 25+5 | 10 | 100 | ≥10 | No | NS | NS |
| 11 | G | 30 | 10 | 0 | No | ||||
| Mitsui et al. (2001) | 10 (9/1) | F+rice | 17.5+200 | 5 | 0 | ≥ 3 over 2 samples | No symptoms | 15 | 4 |
| Rao et al. (200l)d | 20 (10/10) | F | 15 | 10 | 0 | ≥20 | No symptoms | 30 | 4 to 6 |
| 20 | F | 25 | 10 | 50 | No symptoms | ||||
| 20 | F | 50 | 10 | 69 | No | ||||
| 20 | F | 50 | 33 | 60 | No | ||||
| Ravich and Bayless (1983) | 3 (NR) | F | 25 | 10 | 0 | ≥20 | No | 30 | 4 |
| 14 (NR) | F | 37.5 | 10 | 14 | No | ||||
| 16 (8/8) | F | 50 | 10 | 38 | No | ||||
| 14 (NR) | F | 50 | 20 | 71 | No | ||||
| 15 (NR) | S | 50 | 10 | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| Rumessen and Gudmand-Høyer (1986) | 10 (7/3) | F | 15 | 10 | 10 | ≥20 | No symptoms | 15–30 | 4 |
| 10 | F | 20 | 10 | 40 | No symptoms | ||||
| 10 | F | 25 | 10 | 50 | No symptoms | ||||
| 10 | F | 37.5 | 10 | 70 | No | ||||
| 10 | F | 50 | 10 | 80 | No | ||||
| 10 | F+G | 50+12.5 | 12.5 | 70 | ≥20 | No | |||
| 10 | F+G | 50+25 | 15 | 33 | No | ||||
| 10 | F+G | 50+50 | 20 | 0 | No | ||||
| 10 | G | 50 | 10 | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| 10 | S | 50 | 20 | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| 10 | S | 75 | 20 | 0 | No | ||||
| 10 | S | 100 | 20 | 0 | No | ||||
| Truswell et al. (1988) | 21 (NR) | F | 25 | 100 g/L | 11 | No | |||
| 103 (31/72) | F | 50 | 100 g/L | 58 | ≥20 | Yes | 15–30 | 2.25 | |
| 15 (NR) | F+G | 25+25 | 100 g/L | 0 | NR | ||||
| 30 (NR) | F+G (as apple juice) | 25+16 | 60 g/L | 7 | NR | ||||
| 23 (NR) | G | 50 | 100 g/L | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| 15 (NR) | S | 50 | 100 g/L | 0 | No symptoms | ||||
| 23 (NR) | F (as HFCS-90) | 50 | 100 g/L | 30 | NR | ||||
| Subjects With Functional Gut Disorders Including IBS | |||||||||
| Barrett et al. (2009)e | 201 (41/60) | F | 35 | 17 | 45 | ≥10 over | NR | 15 | 3 |
| 71 (23/48)g | F | 35 | 17 | 34 | ≥2 samples | NR | |||
| 201 (41/60) | L | 15 | 15 | 27 | NR | ||||
| 71 (23/48)g | L | 15 | 15 | 39 | NR | ||||
| Choi et al. (2003)df | 36 (9/27) | F | 25 | 10 | 39 | No | |||
| 183 (50/133) | F | 50 | 33 | 73 | ≥20 or ≥3 over 3 samples | No | 30 | 5 | |
| 20 (9/11) | F | 50 | 33 | 80 | No | ||||
| 33 (11/22) | F | 50 | 20 | 70 | No | ||||
| Choi et al. (2008)d | 80 (26/54) | F | 25 | 10 | 33 | ≥20 | Yes | 30 | 5 |
| Corlew-Roath and Di Palma (2009)d | 66 (9/57) | F | 25 | NS | 3 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 55 (11/34)g | F | 25 | NS | 16 | NR | ||||
| Fernández-Bañares et al. (1993) | 25 (5/20) | F | 25 | 10 | 52 | ≥20 | No | 15 | 3 |
| 23 (NR) | F+Sor | 25+5 | 250 mL H2O | 92 | Yes | ||||
| 25 | S | 50 | 250 mL H2O | 68 | No | ||||
| 12 (6/6)g | F | 25 | 10 | 42 | No | ||||
| 12g | F+Sor | 25+5 | 250 mL H2O | 83 | No | ||||
| 12g | S | 50 | 250 mL H2O | 50 | No symptoms | ||||
| Goldstein et al. (2000)d | 239 (NR) | F | 25 | NR | 44 | ≥20 H2; ≥4 ppm CH3 | Yes | 30 | 4 |
| 239 (NR) | F+Sor | 25+5 | NR | 73 | Yes | ||||
| Gomara et al. 2008 | 9 (NS) | F | 1 | 0.04 | 0 | ≥20 | No | 30 | 3 |
| 10 (NS) | F | 15 | 6.3 | 30 | No | ||||
| 13 (NS) | F | 45 | 19 | 77 | No | ||||
| Johlin et al. (2004)d | 197 (NR) | F | 50 | 150 mL H2O | 76 | ≥20 or ≥3 over 3 samples | NR | 30 | 5 |
| Rumessen and Gudmand-Høyer (1988) | 25 (2/23) | F | 25 | 250 mL H2O | 52 | ≥10 | Yes | 15–30 | 4 |
| Skoog et al. (2008) | 30 (9/21) | F | 40 | 330 mL H2O | 70 | ≥20 | Yes | 30 | 3 |
| 20 (6/14)g | F | 40 | 330 mL H2O | 65 | Yes | ||||
| 30 | F (as HFCS-55) | 40 | 600 mL H2O | 30 | No | ||||
| 20g | F (as HFCS-55) | 40 | 600 mL H2O | 20 | No | ||||
| Szilagyi et al. (2007) | 90 (61/29) | F | 25 | 100 to 150 mL H2O | 32 | ≥10 at 2 intervals | Yes | 30 | 3 |
Abbreviations: Conc, concentration; Dur, duration; F, fructose; Freq, frequency; G, glucose; F + Sor, fructose + sorbitol; HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; L, lactulose (positive control); NR, not reported; S, sucrose.
Unless otherwise indicated.
Assessed by reported statistical correlation, apparent dose-response pattern, or subjective assessment of reported percentages by the author of this article.
Evaluated subjects for methane producers; included only H2 producers.
Evaluated subjects for methane producers.
Although methane production was not tested, subjects that did not increase H2 >10 ppm above baseline were considered non-H2 producers and were excluded from the analysis.
Eleven percent of subjects were methanogenic.
Healthy subjects were included as controls.