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. 2012 Oct 10;1271(1):1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06736.x

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© 2012 New York Academy of Sciences.

Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

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Biomodulation of cancer tissue occurs in both epithelial and stromal compartments throughout cancer evolution. Changes in the epithelial and stromal compartments occur as epithelial cells transition from normal through hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive cancer, and metastasis. The engagement of epithelial cells in crosstalk with the local and systemic environments during cancer progression results in their biomodulation. Different biomodulatory events can occur at different stages of cancer progression (reviewed in Refs. ¹⁸^–²⁰).