Table 4. Results of unadjusted and multivariable group-based trajectory models estimating the relationship between time-stable explanatory variables and probability of group membership, and change in average group BMI Z-score as a function of time-dependent explanatory variables (QLSCD children from 4–10 y of age).

	Unadjusted	Model 1 (n = 1472)a	Model 2 (n = 1385)b
Time-stable explanatory variables: Odds ratios (95% CI) c
Local environmentHigh Material Deprivation
1. Low, increasing	0.79 (0.52, 1.21)	0.66 (0.41, 1.06)	0.64 (0.39,1.06)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.95 (0.71, 1.26)	0.91 (0.66, 1.24)	0.92 (0.67, 1.28)
3. Med-high, slow increasing – Ref	–	–	–
4. High-stable	1.30 (0.86, 1.96)	1.09 (0.71, 1.67)	0.91 (0.57, 1.45)
High Social Deprivation	–	–	–
1. Low, increasing	0.70 (0.46, 1.07)	0.75 (0.47, 1.18)	0.69 (0.43, 1.12)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.78 (0.58, 1.04)	0.75 (0.55, 1.02)	0.72 (0.53, 0.99)*
3. Med-high, slow increasing – Ref	–	–	–
4. High-stable	1.07 (0.71, 1.62)	1.03 (0.67, 1.57)	0.91 (0.57, 1.44)
Social factors
Male sex
1. Low, increasing	1.32 (0.89, 1.94)	1.30 (0.86, 1.97)	1.62 (1.04, 2.53)*
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.97 (0.74, 1.28)	1.01 (0.75, 1.36)	1.24 (0.91, 1.68)
3. Med-high, slow increasing - Ref	–	–	–
4. High-stable	1.14 (0.77, 1.69)	1.14 (0.76, 1.73)	1.14 (0.72, 1.80)
Mother is an immigrant
1. Low, increasing	0.87 (0.44, 1.73)	0.87 (0.39, 1.92)	0.53 (0.20, 1.42)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.63 (0.36, 1.07)	0.82 (0.46, 1.46)	0.82 (0.45, 1.48)
3. Med-high, slow increasing – Ref	–	–	–
4. High-stable	1.12 (0.58, 2.15)	1.04 (0.48, 2.25)	0.81 (0.31, 2.07)
Early life factors
Overeating phenotype
1. Low, increasing	0.74 (0.44, 1.23)		0.94 (0.53, 1.68)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.63 (0.44, 0.90)*		0.76 (0.51, 1.14)
3. Med-high, slow increasing - Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	5.07 (3.32, 7.75)***		5.09 (3.18, 8.15)***
Mother smoked during pregnancy
1. Low, increasing	1.44 (0.92, 2.24)		1.39 (0.83, 2.34)
2. Low-med, accelerating	1.16 (0.84, 1.61)		1.05 (0.73, 1.53)
3. Med-high, slow increasing – Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	2.31 (1.52, 3.50)***		2.51 (1.53, 4.12)**
Mother is obese
1. Low, increasing	0.18 (0.05, 0.62)**		0.26 (0.09, 0.79)*
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.41 (0.24, 0.70)**		0.28 (0.15, 0.53)***
3. Med-high, slow increasing - Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	2.25 (1.39, 3.63)**		2.45 (1.39, 4.29)**
Breastfed exclusively (> = 3 months)
1. Low, increasing	0.77 (0.49, 1.22)		0.79 (0.47, 1.32)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.82 (0.61, 1.11)		0.82 (0.58, 1.15)
3. Med-high, slow increasing - Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	0.75 (0.48, 1.19)		1.12 (0.66, 1.91)
Rapid weight gain during infancy
1. Low, increasing	0.70 (0.46, 1.05)		0.46 (0.29, 0.75)**
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.73 (0.55, 0.97)*		0.63 (0.45, 0.87)**
3. Med-high, slow increasing – Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	1.27 (0.85, 1.88)		1.35 (0.83, 2.19)
High birth weight (>4 kg)
1. Low, increasing	0.22 (0.08, 0.63)**		0.21 (0.07, 0.63)**
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.52 (0.33, 0.81)**		0.49 (0.29, 0.81)**
3. Med-high, slow increasing - Ref	–		–
4. High-stable	1.04 (0.59, 1.86)		1.07 (0.53, 2.15)
Time-dependent explanatory variables: Linear regression parameter (SE) d
Local environment
Living location (Rural)e
1. Low, increasing	−0.149 (0.093)	−0.187 (0.123)	−0.215 (0.120)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.023 (0.058)	0.026 (0.083)	−0.028 (0.073)
3. Med-high, slow increasing	0.079 (0.060)	0.054 (0.072)	−0.011 (0.059)
4. High-stable	0.274 (0.086)**	0.257 (0.097)**	0.208 (0.089)*
Living location (Semi-urban)e
1. Low, increasing	−0.421 (0.158)**	−0.453 (0.154)**	−0.541 (0.161)**
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.0480 (0.065)	0.053 (0.067)	0.0415 (0.068)
3. Med-high, slow increasing	−0.148 (0.057)**	−0.111 (0.063)	−0.134 (0.059)*
4. High-stable	0.034 (0.098)	0.045 (0.111)	−0.008 (0.107)
High social cohesion
1. Low, increasing	0.114 (0.07)	0.160 (0.076)*	0.126 (0.082)
2. Low-med, accelerating	0.020 (0.037)	−0.015 (0.039)	−0.005 (0.040)
3. Med-high, slow increasing	−0.020 (0.033)	−0.021 (0.036)	−0.015 (0.036)
4. High-stable	−0.100 (0.062)	−0.064 (0.066)	−0.046 (0.067)
High disorder
1. Low, increasing	−0.171 (0.081)*	−0.175 (0.086)*	−0.176 (0.088)*
2. Low-med, accelerating	−0.073 (0.041)	−0.060 (0.043)	−0.071 (0.044)
3. Med-high, slow increasing	0.017(0.036)	0.015 (0.040)	0.025 (0.040)
4. High-stable	0.045 (0.07)	0.027 (0.074)	0.0108 (0.075)
Social Factors
Single-parent family
1. Low, increasing	−0.046 (0.098)	0.051 (0.106)	0.009 (0.114)
2. Low-med, accelerating	−0.028 (0.054)	0.039 (0.061)	0.017 (0.062)
3. Med-high, slow increasing	0.137 (0.048)**	0.133 (0.053)*	0.094 (0.055)
4. High-stable	0.177 (0.088)*	0.138 (0.107)	0.116 (0.100)
Low SES
1. Low, increasing	−0.207 (0.079)**	−0.129 (0.094)	−0.179 (0.093)
2. Low-med, accelerating	−0.102 (0.045)*	−0.109 (0.051)*	−0.106 (0.052)*
3. Med-high, slow increasing	0.007 (0.039)	−0.025 (0.045)	−0.064 (0.043)
4. High-stable	0.138 (0.066)*	0.055 (0.079)	−0.001 (0.079)

^aPlace factors plus social factors, model includes both time-stable (risk factors) and time-dependent explanatory variables.

^bModel 1, plus adjustment for early life factors; model includes both time-stable (risk factors) and time-dependent explanatory variables.

^cOdds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multinomial logistic regression, reference group is the medium-high, slow increasing group.

^dParameters represent the average increase/decrease in BMI Z-score per year within each trajectory group based on a polynomial link function.

^eReference group is Urban.

^* P≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01 *** P ≤ 0.0001; CI  =  confidence interval; SE  =  standard error.