CGNs were treated for 30 min with netrin-1, GDNF, L1-Fc, or BDNF in the absence and presence of 5 µM PP2. The ratio of pY410Cas to Cas was normalized to control values in each experiment. Shown is the mean ± SEM normalized ratio following the indicated treatments. Representative immunoblots show phosphorylated pY410Cas, detected with pY410Cas antibody (top panels), and total Cas, detected with Cas antibody (bottom panels). ** p < 0.01 compared to control; # p < 0.05 between indicated groups (n= 4–10 independent experiments).