Table 2.
Regression models of primary caregiver depression and child maltreatment
| Model 1: Child maltreatment | Model 2: PC depression | Model 3: Child maltreatment | Model 4: PC depression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| γ (SE) | γ (SE) | γ (SE) | γ (SE) | |
| Intercept | −1.36 (0.18)*** | −3.38 (0.47)*** | −1.35 (0.20)*** | −3.53 (0.47)*** |
| Level 1 predictors | ||||
| Family support | −0.31 (0.08)*** | −0.72 (0.17)*** | −0.26 (0.09)** | −0.60 (0.23)* |
| Child maltreatment (W1) | 0.47 (0.03)*** | -- | 0.47 (0.03)*** | -- |
| PC depression (W2) | -- | -- | 0.31 (0.13)* | -- |
| PC depression (W1) | -- | 1.52 (0.18)*** | -- | 1.56 (0.18)*** |
| PC race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | −0.12 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.28) | −0.10 (0.13) | 0.26 (0.28) |
| African American | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.20 (0.32) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.24 (0.32) |
| Other | −0.02 (0.21) | −0.07 (0.51) | −0.52 (0.29) | −0.01 (0.50) |
| PC marital status | ||||
| Married | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.17 (0.20) | −0.05 (0.10) | −0.16 (0.19) |
| Cohabiting | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.12) | 0.40 (0.22) |
| Family size | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.04)** | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.04)** |
| Per capita income | 0.00 (0.00)* | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00)* | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Male child | 0.24 (0.07) | −0.10 (0.15) | 0.18 (0.08)* | −0.12 (0.15) |
| Female PC | −0.13 (0.13) | 0.32 (0.36) | −0.17 (0.14) | 0.30 (0.35) |
| PC education > HS | 0.12 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.18) | 0.15 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.18) |
| Age of PC | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
| Age of child | 0.02 (0.01)* | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01)* | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Level 2 predictors | ||||
| Neighborhood violence | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.16) | −0.10 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.16) |
| Concentrated poverty | 0.13 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.26) | 0.15 (0.09) | −0.17 (0.26) |
| Immigrant concentration | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.12) | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.24 (0.12) |
| Residential stability | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.43 (0.13)** | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.45 (0.13)** |
| Cross-level interaction | ||||
| PC depression X neighborhood violence | -- | -- | -- | −0.47 (0.19)* |
| N | 3,139 | 2,762 | 2,816 | 2,762 |
Note. Table presents results of two-level Poisson (Models 1 and 3) and logistic (Models 2 and 4) regression models that account for over-/ under-dispersion. W = wave; PC = primary caregiver; -- = not included in model.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.