Table 1.
Characteristics of study patients, overall and by sex
| Variable | Overall (n = 258) | Males (n = 153) | Females (n = 105) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
53.27 ± 12.01 |
52.18 ± 12.20 |
54,85 ± 11.60 |
0.080 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) |
87.69 ± 10.80 |
88.16 ± 11.53 |
86.99 ± 9.61 |
0.398 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) |
5.05 ± 0.54 |
5.06 ± 0.58 |
5.02 ± 0.48 |
0.566 |
|
Office BP (mmHg) | ||||
| SBP |
139.93 ± 16.75 |
141.35 ± 15.90 |
137.84 ± 17.81 |
0.099 |
| DBP |
88.34 ± 10.69 |
88.33 ± 10.53 |
88.37 ± 10.98 |
0.975 |
| Pulse pressure |
52.23 ± 12.82 |
53.61 ± 12.70 |
50.20 ± 12.79 |
0.036 |
| Heart rate |
72.37 ± 12.89 |
70.09 ± 12.62 |
75.74 ± 12.60 |
0.001 |
|
ABPM 24 hours (mmHg) | ||||
| SBP |
126.71 ± 12.83 |
127.66 ± 12.20 |
125.31 ± 13.63 |
0.149 |
| DBP |
78.72 ± 9.86 |
80.13 ± 9.58 |
76.65 ± 9.93 |
0.005 |
| Pulse pressure |
47.99 ± 9.50 |
47.53 ± 8.53 |
48.66 ± 10.76 |
0.348 |
| Heart rate |
71.92 ± 10.62 |
71.03 ± 11.47 |
73.24 ± 9.11 |
0.103 |
|
Home BP (mmHg) | ||||
| SBP |
127.23 ± 14.49 |
128.69 ± 13.55 |
125.11 ± 15.58 |
0.051 |
| DBP |
81.62 ± 9.85 |
81.92 ± 9.45 |
81.19 ± 10.43 |
0.557 |
| Pulse pressure |
45.60 ± 10.07 |
46.77 ± 9.01 |
43.91 ± 11.26 |
0.026 |
| Heart rate |
68.62 ± 9.17 |
67.35 ± 8.98 |
70.45 ± 9.18 |
0.007 |
| Current smokers (%) |
64 (24,8) |
46 (30.1) |
18 (17.1) |
0.018 |
| Obesity (%) * |
70 (27,1) |
45 (29.4) |
25 (23.8) |
0.320 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
27.92 ± 3.83 |
28.30 ± 3.20 |
27.37 ± 4.55 |
0.054 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
95.60 ± 11.12 |
99.45 ± 9.14 |
90.03 ± 11.41 |
p < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) |
206 (79,8) |
121 (79.1) |
85 (81.0) |
0.633 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
208.96 ± 36.94 |
205.37 ± 35.13 |
214.27 ± 39.02 |
0.059 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
126.34 ± 73.35 |
135.95 ± 85.98 |
112.17 ± 45.96 |
0.011 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
130.64 ± 33.00 |
129.59 ± 30.35 |
132.17 ± 36.62 |
0.546 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
53.28 ± 13.01 |
48.90 ± 10.94 |
59.73 ± 13.16 |
p < 0.001 |
| No HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
155,75 ± 36.48 |
156.50 ± 35.41 |
154.64 ± 38.15 |
0.692 |
| Atherogénic Index |
4,12 ± 1.13 |
4.39 ± 1.19 |
3.73 ± 0.92 |
p < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk DAgostino |
15.29 ± 12.52 |
19.19 ± 14.15 |
9.55 ± 6.19 |
p < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) |
2.73 ± 4.02 |
2.94 ± 4.81 |
2.41 ± 2.37 |
0.310 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L |
317.05 ± 61.39 |
314.57 ± 63.55 |
320.69 ± 58.21 |
0.441 |
| Maximum IMT (mm) |
0.88 ± 0.14 |
0.90 ± 0.15 |
0.86 ± 0.11 |
0.012 |
| Mean IMT (mm) |
0.71 ± 0.12 |
0.73 ± 0.13 |
0.69 ± 0.10 |
0.011 |
| PWV (m/sec) |
8.65 ± 2.06 |
8.66 ± 2.14 |
8.64 ± 1.96 |
0.952 |
| CAIx |
30.12 ± 11.66 |
26.59 ± 11.45 |
35.31 ± 9.95 |
p < 0.001 |
| PAIx |
92.52 ± 21.19 |
85.97 ± 19.13 |
102.06 ± 20.47 |
p < 0.001 |
| AASI |
0.37 ± 0.06 |
0.37 ± 0.06 |
0.38 ± 0.06 |
0.050 |
| AASI-BPVR |
0.16 ± 0.16 |
0.15 ± 0.17 |
0.18 ± 0.13 |
0.101 |
| Awake-AASI |
0.37 ± 0.06 |
0.37 ± 0.05 |
0.38 ± 0.06 |
0.061 |
| Sleep-AASI |
0.38 ± 0.15 |
0.38 ± 0.14 |
0.39 ± 0.16 |
0.534 |
| HASI |
0.59 ± 0.18 |
0.58 ± 0.20 |
0.61 ± 0.15 |
0.365 |
| HASI-BPVR |
0.29 ± 0.24 |
0.25 ± 0.26 |
0.35 ± 0.19 |
0.001 |
| Antihypertensive Drugs (%) |
101 (39.1) |
61 (39.9) |
40 (38.1) |
0.774 |
| Lipid-lowering Drugs (%) | 48 (18.6) | 31 (20.3) | 17 (16.2) | 0.409 |
Data for qualitative variables are expressed as n (%) and quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation.
* Obesity: BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m²or Waist circumference ≥ 88 cm in men and ≥ 102 cm in women. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AMBP: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BMI, body mass index; hs-CRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, lowdensity lipoprotein; IMT: Intima Media Thickness; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CAIx: Central augmentation index; PAIx: Peripheral augmentation index, AASI: Ambulatory arterial stiffness index, BPVR: Blood pressure variability ratio; HASI: Home arterial stiffness index.