Table 3.
Associations between Risk Factors and Pain in the Past Month by Location a
| Low Back Pain | Neck Pain | Shoulder Pain | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo | Milan/Varese | São Paulo | Milan/Varese | São Paulo | Milan/Varese | |
| Risk Factor | OR (95%CI) |
OR (95%CI) |
OR (95%CI) |
OR (95%CI) |
Sao Paulo OR (95%CI) | Milan/Varese OR (95%CI) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male |
0.82 (0.28-2.37) p = 0.7 |
0.51 (0.30-0.88) p = 0.02 |
0.65 (0.21-2.02) p = 0.5 |
0.38 (0.21-0.69) p = 0.001 |
1.10 (0.35-3.51) p = 0.9 |
0.64 (0.35-1.18) p = 0.2 |
| Age | ||||||
| 19-29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 30-39 |
1.65 (0.59-4.59) |
1.15 (0.66-2.00) |
1.74 (0.58-5.25) |
1.42 (0.80-2.51) |
1.04 (0.33-3.33) |
1.81 (0.93-3.49) |
| 40-49 |
1.85 (0.71-4.80) |
1.57 (0.89-2.78) |
2.45 (0.90-6.67) |
1.88 (1.05-3.35) |
2.33 (0.84-6.44) |
3.09 (1.60-5.95) |
| ≥ 50 |
1.25 (0.40-3.88) p = 0.6 |
2.06 (1.03-4.10) p = 0.02 |
1.59 (0.48-5.25) p = 0.3 |
1.68 (0.85-3.36) p = 0.06 |
2.42 (0.72-8.14) p = 0.04 |
5.07 (2.41-10.66) p < 0.001 |
| Hours worked/week | ||||||
| ≤ 38 hours | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| > 38 hours |
1.02 (0.44-2.36) p = 1.0 |
1.83 (1.18-2.84) p = 0.01 |
1.05 (0.44-2.52) p = 0.9 |
1.19 (0.77-1.85) p = 0.4 |
0.87 (0.34-2.21) p = 0.8 |
1.22 (0.77-1.92) p = 0.4 |
| Physical activity b | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes |
1.15 (0.59-2.23) p = 0.7 |
1.31 (0.88-1.96) p = 0.2 |
5.45 (1.62-18.28) p = 0.01 |
2.11 (1.35-3.32) p = 0.001 |
1.72 (0.52-5.68) p = 0.4 |
1.89 (1.20-2.97) p = 0.01 |
| Job satisfaction | ||||||
| Satisfied | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dissatisfied |
1.52 (0.42-5.52) p = 0.5 |
2.27 (1.34-3.86) p = 0.002 |
2.18 (0.59-8.02) p = 0.2 |
1.45 (0.86-2.45) p = 0.2 |
8.06 (1.58-41.21) p = 0.01 |
1.53 (0.91-2.58) p = 0.1 |
| Somatizing tendency c | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 |
1.49 (0.65-3.42) |
2.60 (1.57-4.31) |
1.32 (0.56-3.11) |
1.52 (0.92-2.52) |
2.76 (1.12-6.80) |
1.21 (0.70-2.10) |
| ≥ 2 |
2.42 (1.14-5.14) p = 0.02 |
2.99 (1.93-4.65) p < 0.001 |
1.33 (0.61-2.93) p = 0.4 |
3.02 (1.94-4.69) p < 0.001 |
4.78 (2.03-11.27) p < 0.001 |
1.85 (1.17-2.91) p = 0.01 |
| Mental health | ||||||
| Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate |
0.98 (0.43-2.25) |
0.85 (0.54-1.36) |
0.65 (0.27-1.55) |
0.98 (0.62-1.55) |
0.28 (0.10-0.77) |
0.76 (0.47-1.23) |
| Poor |
0.98 (0.45-2.12) p = 1.0 |
0.96 (0.59-1.56) p = 0.8 |
0.77 (0.35-1.70) p = 0.5 |
0.81 (0.49-1.33) p = 0.4 |
1.31 (0.56-3.03) p = 0.5 |
0.83 (0.49-1.40) p = 0.4 |
a
Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for all the variables presented in the table; for categorical variables with more than two levels, a test for trend was performed.
b
Stressful occupational activity in an average working day defined as lifting weights of ≥ 25 kg by hand (low back) or work with the hands above shoulder height for ≥ 1 hour (neck and shoulder).
c
Number of symptoms in past week causing at least moderate concern.