Figure 1.

The effects of pretraining injection of saffron extract on time latency for entering the dark compartment 24 and 48 h after receiving the shock in the experimental groups. The animals of control group received saline instead of both saffron extract and morphine. The animals of morphine group were treated by saline instead of SE but received morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min before the training phase. Pretrain 50, pretrain 150, and pretrain 450 groups were treated by 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg of SE (i.p.), respectively, for 3 days before the training phase. The data were presented as mean ± SEM of the time latency (8 animals in each group). **P < 0.01 compared with the control group; ⁺ P < 0.05 and ⁺⁺ P < 0.01 compared with the morphine group.