Table 3. Distribution and adjusted odds ratiosa,b for nasopharyngeal presence of the most common viruses, co-occurrence with each of the other respiratory viruses, bacteria and risk factors.
| Human rhinovirus | Enterovirus | Human bocavirus | WU polyomavirus | |||||||||
| Covariate | Without covariate | With covariate | aOR (95% CI) | Without covariate | With covariate | aOR (95% CI) | Without covariate | With covariate | aOR (95% CI) | Without covariate | With covariate | aOR (95% CI) |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||||
| S. pneumoniae | 98 (26) | 272 (45) | 1.70 (1.25–2.31) | 36 (9) | 136 (22) | 1.64 (1.05–2.54) | 43 (11) | 80 (13) | NA | 33 (9) | 78 (13) | 1.30 (0.82–2.06) |
| H. influenzae | 141 (29) | 229 (46) | 1.52 (1.14–2.03) | 58 (12) | 114 (23) | 1.26 (0.85–1.87) | 51 (10) | 72 (15) | 1.07 (0.71–1.63) | 45 (9) | 66 (13) | 1.13 (0.73–1.75) |
| M. catarrhalis | 79 (29) | 291 (41) | 1.22 (088–1.70) | 29 (11) | 143 (20) | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) | 27 (10) | 96 (14) | NA | 29 (11) | 82 (12) | NA |
| S. aureus | 339 (38) | 31 (36) | NA | 161 (18) | 11 (13) | NA | 116 (13) | 7 (8) | NA | 104 (12) | 7 (8) | NA |
| Antibiotic use | 343 (38) | 27 (30) | NA | 153 (17) | 19 (21) | NA | 107 (12) | 16 (3) | NA | 101 (12) | 10 (11) | NA |
| Presence of siblings | 146 (32) | 224 (42) | 1.41 (1.05–1.90) | 75 (17) | 97 (18) | NA | 62 (14) | 61 (11) | NA | 51 (11) | 60 (11) | NA |
| Day care attendance | 108 (30) | 262 (42) | 1.37 (0.99–1.89) | 34 (9) | 138 (22) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) | 25 (7) | 98 (16) | 2.04 (1.26–3.31) | 32 (9) | 79 (13) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) |
| PCV-7 vaccination | 191 (38) | 179 (37) | NA | 79 (16) | 93 (19) | NA | 59 (12) | 64 (13) | NA | 47 (9) | 64 (13) | 1.46 (0.97–2.20) |
| Human rhinovirus | NA | 69 (11) | 103 (28) | 2.50 (1.72–3.63) | 71 (12) | 52 (14) | NA | 61 (10) | 50 (14) | 1.16 (0.76–1.78) | ||
| Enterovirus | 267 (33) | 103 (60) | 2.40 (1.66–3.47) | NA | 78 (10) | 45 (26) | 2.48 (1.59–3.88) | 75 (9) | 36 (21) | 1.71 (1.05–2.78) | ||
| Human bocavirus | 318 (37) | 52 (42) | NA | 127 (15) | 45 (37) | 2.78 (1.75–4.42) | NA | 82 (10) | 29 (24) | 2.38 (1.44–3.91) | ||
| WU polyomavirus | 320 (34) | 50 (45) | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 136 (16) | 36 (32) | 1.70 (1.03–2.80) | 94 (11) | 29 (26) | 2.34 (1.42–3.87) | NA | ||
| Human coronavirus | 355 (39) | 15 (19) | 0.27 (0.15–0.49) | 153 (17) | 19 (24) | NA | 115 (13) | 8 (10) | NA | 101 (11) | 10 (13) | NA |
| Parainfluenza virus | 350 (38) | 20 (32) | NA | 155 (17) | 17 (27) | 2.06 (1.06–3.99) | 111 (12) | 12 (19) | 1.55 (0.77–3.10) | 103 (11) | 8 (13) | NA |
| Adenovirus | 339 (37) | 31 (53) | 1.53 (0.86–2.74) | 154 (17) | 18 (31) | 1.76 (0.93–3.33) | 115 (12) | 8 (14) | NA | 106 (11) | 5 (9) | NA |
| Human parechovirus | 317 (36) | 53 (52) | 1.40 (0.89–2.20) | 134 (15) | 38 (38) | 2.77 (1.69–4.55) | 110 (12) | 13 (13) | NA | 95 (11) | 16 (16) | NA |
| KI polyomavirus | 360 (38) | 10 (28) | NA | 166 (17) | 6 (17) | NA | 115 (12) | 8 (22) | 2.28 (0.96–5.40) | 108 (11) | 3 (8) | NA |
| RSV | 364 (38) | 6 (24) | NA | 168 (17) | 4 (25) | NA | 120 (12) | 3 (12) | NA | 108 (11) | 3 (12) | NA |
| Influenza virus | 367 (38) | 3 (18) | NA | 170 (18) | 2 (12) | NA | 122 (13) | 1 (6) | NA | 110 (11) | 1 (6) | NA |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable (i.e., not included in the model for that particular virus or pooled group of viruses), RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
a
Adjusted for age and all variables with a P value of <0.1 in univariate analysis.
b
Statistically significant associations are shown in bold.