TABLE 3.
Univariate Analysis of Baseline Factors Predicting the Development of OAG in the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study
| No. of participants | No. with incident OAG |
Univariate analysis*
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (yrs) | ||||
| 40–49 | 1459 | 14 | 1.00 (reference) | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 1198 | 17 | 1.49 (0.73-3.03) | |
| 60–69 | 743 | 27 | 3.89 (2.03-7.47) | |
| 70–79 | 291 | 16 | 6.00 (2.90-12.44) | |
| ≥80 | 47 | 7 | 18.06 (6.91-47.16) | |
| Per 10 years older | - | - | 2.07 (1.71-2.52) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1495 | 39 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.13 |
| Female | 2243 | 42 | 1.40 (0.90-2.18) | |
| Country of birth | ||||
| Other | 2864 | 58 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.28 |
| U.S. | 870 | 23 | 1.31 (0.81-2.14) | |
| Acculturation | ||||
| High (≥1.9) | 2513 | 53 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 |
| Low (<1.9) | 1221 | 28 | 0.92 (0.58-1.46) | |
| Native American ancestry | ||||
| No | 3554 | 78 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.62 |
| Yes | 180 | 3 | 0.76 (0.24-2.42) | |
| Education | ||||
| 0-5 yrs | 979 | 25 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.24 |
| 6-11 yrs | 1467 | 35 | 0.93 (0.55-1.57) | |
| High school graduate or more | 1285 | 21 | 0.63 (0.35-1.14) | |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 1903 | 30 | 1.00 (reference) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 1310 | 22 | 0.94 (0.54-1.63) | |
| Retired | 513 | 29 | 3.51 (2.00-6.17) | |
| Income | ||||
| <$15k | 1079 | 35 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.004 |
| $15k-<$30k | 1278 | 30 | 0.72 (0.44-1.18) | |
| ≥$30k | 911 | 10 | 0.33 (0.16-0.67) | |
| Refused/don't know | 470 | 6 | 0.39 (0.16-0.92) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/with partner | 2774 | 57 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.41 |
| Other | 956 | 24 | 1.23 (0.76-1.99) | |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 2488 | 55 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 |
| No | 1242 | 26 | 0.94 (0.59-1.52) | |
| Vision insurance | ||||
| Yes | 1952 | 39 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.46 |
| No | 1744 | 41 | 1.18 (0.76-1.84) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 2304 | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.68 |
| Ex-smoker | 912 | 23 | 1.24 (0.75-2.06) | |
| Current smoker | 504 | 10 | 0.97 (0.49-1.94) | |
| Pack-years among smokers | ||||
| >0–4 | 573 | 9 | 0.77 (0.37-1.57) | 0.23 |
| 5–19 | 461 | 11 | 1.17 (0.60-2.28) | |
| ≥20 | 289 | 11 | 1.90 (0.97-3.71) | |
| Age at first smoke | ||||
| <16 years old | 262 | 8 | 1.51 (0.71-3.24) | 0.79 |
| 16-20 years old | 611 | 13 | 1.04 (0.56-1.94) | |
| ≥21 years old | 541 | 12 | 1.09 (0.57-2.07) | |
| Years since cessation of smoking | ||||
| ≥20 years | 372 | 12 | 1.60 (0.84-3.05) | 0.58 |
| 10-19 years | 266 | 6 | 1.11 (0.47-2.62) | |
| 1–9 years | 255 | 5 | 0.96 (0.38-2.44) | |
| Alcohol drinking status | ||||
| None | 1449 | 25 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.028 |
| Ex-/partial drinker | 1782 | 50 | 1.64 (1.01-2.67) | |
| Current/heavy drinker | 496 | 6 | 0.70 (0.28-1.71) | |
| Alcohol type | ||||
| Wine | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 3268 | 68 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.32 |
| Yes | 459 | 13 | 1.37 (0.75-2.50) | |
| Beer | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 2288 | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.53 |
| Yes | 1439 | 34 | 1.15 (0.74-1.80) | |
| Liquor | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 3010 | 69 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.29 |
| Yes | 717 | 12 | 0.73 (0.39-1.35) | |
| Wine and beer | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 3431 | 72 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.31 |
| Yes | 296 | 9 | 1.46 (0.72-2.96) | |
| Wine and liquor | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 3479 | 77 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.51 |
| Yes | 248 | 4 | 0.72 (0.26-2.00) | |
| Beer and liquor | ||||
| Other/no alcohol | 3204 | 70 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.91 |
| Yes | 523 | 11 | 0.96 (0.51-1.83) | |
| History of glaucoma among 1st-degree relatives | ||||
| No | 3326 | 71 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 |
| Yes | 239 | 5 | 0.98 (0.39-2.45) | |
| Presence of Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| No** | 3009 | 60 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.12 |
| Yes | 701 | 21 | 1.52 (0.92-2.51) | |
| Duration of Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| New case | 134 | 3 | 1.13 (0.35-3.64) | 0.28 |
| <10 years | 345 | 13 | 1.92 (1.05-3.54) | |
| ≥10 years | 218 | 5 | 1.15 (0.46-2.90) | |
| Hemoglobin A1c | ||||
| <7% | 3173 | 67 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.49 |
| ≥7% | 541 | 14 | 1.23 (0.69-2.21) | |
| Random blood glucose | ||||
| <200 ml/dl | 3392 | 75 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.71 |
| ≥ 200 ml/dl | 316 | 6 | 0.86 (0.37-1.98) | |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| ≤median (99.5cm) | 1878 | 35 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.21 |
| >median | 1826 | 45 | 1.33 (0.85-2.08) | |
| Per cm larger | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) | 0.16 | ||
| Waist-hip ratio | ||||
| Q1 ( ≤0.925) | 931 | 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.001 |
| Q2 (>0.925-0.963) | 928 | 12 | 1.00 (0.45-2.24) | |
| Q3 ( >0.963-1.005) | 922 | 21 | 1.78 (0.87-3.65) | |
| Q4 (>1.005) | 920 | 35 | 3.03 (1.56-5.87) | |
| Per 0.05 higher | - | - | 1.33 (1.17-1.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <25 | 395 | 9 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.68 |
| 25-<30 | 1388 | 33 | 1.04 (0.50-2.20) | |
| ≥30 | 1908 | 37 | 0.85 (0.41-1.77) | |
| Per 1.0 higher | - | - | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 0.49 |
| History of age-related macular degeneration | ||||
| No | 3300 | 69 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.71 |
| Yes | 332 | 8 | 1.16 (0.55-2.43) | |
| Nuclear opacity | ||||
| No | 3415 | 63 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.0 01 |
| Yes | 223 | 13 | 3.29 (1.78-6.08) | |
| History of eye trauma | ||||
| No | 2996 | 65 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 738 | 16 | 1.00 (0.57-1.74) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| No | 2532 | 48 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.10 |
| Yes | 1202 | 33 | 1.46 (0.93-2.29) | |
| History of elevated blood pressure (including history of medical treatment) | ||||
| No | 2632 | 52 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.21 |
| Yes | 1094 | 29 | 1.35 (0.85-2.14) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||
| ≤120 mm Hg | 1880 | 26 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.003 |
| 121–140 mm Hg | 1240 | 35 | 2.07 (1.24-3.46) | |
| >140 mm Hg | 606 | 20 | 2.43 (1.35-4.39) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||
| ≤80 mm Hg | 2566 | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.0 84 |
| 81–90 mm Hg | 855 | 23 | 1.48 (0.89-2.45) | |
| >90 mm Hg | 305 | 11 | 2.01 (1.03-3.91) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 1.14 (0.93-1.40) | 0.20 |
| Mean arterial blood pressure | ||||
| ≤80 mm Hg | 603 | 10 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.029 |
| 81-90 mm Hg | 1173 | 17 | 0.87 (0.40-1.92) | |
| >90 mm Hg | 1950 | 54 | 1.69 (0.85-3.34) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 1.29 (1.09-1.52) | 0.005 |
| Pulse Pressure | ||||
| ≤54 mm Hg | 2791 | 48 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.007 |
| 55-64 mm Hg | 513 | 14 | 1.60 (0.88-2.93) | |
| 65-80 mm Hg | 314 | 13 | 2.47 (1.32-4.61) | |
| >80 mm Hg | 108 | 6 | 3.36 (1.41-8.04) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 1.32 (1.16-1.49) | <0.001 |
| Intraocular pressure | ||||
| <15 mm Hg | 2350 | 35 | 1.00 (reference) | <0.001 |
| 15 to 20 mm Hg | 1288 | 34 | 1.79 (1.11-2.89) | |
| >21 mm Hg | 81 | 12 | 11.50 (5.72-23.12) | |
| Per mm Hg higher | - | - | 1.19 (1.12-1.26) | <0.001 |
| Systolic perfusion pressure | ||||
| ≤120 mm Hg | 1296 | 14 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.0 02 |
| 121–140 mm Hg | 1580 | 42 | 2.50 (1.36-4.60) | |
| >140 mm Hg | 843 | 25 | 2.80 (1.45-5.41) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 1.19 (1.07-1.33) | 0.0 02 |
| Diastolic perfusion pressure | ||||
| ≤60 mm Hg | 1712 | 35 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 |
| 61–70 mm Hg | 1312 | 29 | 1.08 (0.66-1.78) | |
| >70 mm Hg | 695 | 17 | 1.20 (0.67-2.16) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | - | - | 0.96 (0.79-1.18) | 0.72 |
| Mean arterial perfusion pressure | ||||
| ≤70 mm Hg | 1020 | 20 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.69 |
| 71–80 mm Hg | 1305 | 27 | 1.06 (0.59-1.89) | |
| >80 mm Hg | 1394 | 34 | 1.25 (0.72-2.18) | |
| Per 10 mmHg higher | 1.29 (1.09-1.52) | 0.005 | ||
| Iris color | ||||
| Blue/Green/Hazel | 1285 | 32 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.40 |
| Light brown | 1961 | 42 | 0.86 (0.54-1.36) | |
| Dark brown | 477 | 7 | 0.58 (0.26-1.33) | |
| Central corneal thickness | ||||
| Per 40 pm thinner | - | - | 1.16 (0.90-1.50) | 0.25 |
| Refractive error | ||||
| >-1 D | 3204 | 61 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| ≤-1 D and >-3 D | 341 | 7 | 1.08 (0.49-2.38) | 0.85 |
| ≤ -3 D | 171 | 11 | 3.54 (1.83-6.86) | <0.001 |
| Axial Length | ||||
| Per mm longer | - | - | 1.35 (1.14-1.61) | 0.002 |
OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; OAG=open-angle glaucoma; U.S.=United States; D=diopter.
*
Based on univariate logistic regression models. P values were estimated from likelihood ratio tests. Data from 34 persons (<1%) reporting intraocular pressure-lowering treatment at baseline were excluded.
**
Subjects diagnosed with type 1 diabetes were excluded from the analysis