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PCa drug resistance may involve both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism that include activation of AR receptor, activation of alternative survival pathway such as Akt/PI3K, MAPK/ERK or JAK/STAT3, cross talk of between cancer cells and surround microenvironment, and selective pressure due to various therapies. Additionally, more general drug resistance mechanisms may involve expression of efflux pump, and aberrant angiogenesis.
