Table 4.
Predictors of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Infected and HIV-Uninfected Subjects
| Covariate | HIV-Uninfected Subjects |
HIV-Infected Subjects |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Models |
Multivariate Models |
Univariate Models |
Multivariate Models |
|||||
| Parameter Estimate (95% CI) | P | Parameter Estimate (95% CI) | P | Parameter Estimate (95% CI) | P | Parameter Estimate (95% CI) | P | |
| Baseline CIMT (per µm) | ||||||||
| Baseline sCD14 (per 1 µg/mL) | −9.34 (−33.77 to 15.09) | .442 | … | … | −8.06 (−20.39 to 4.28) | .190 | … | … |
| Baseline LPS (per 100 pg/mL) | 1.53 (−1.64 to 4.70) | .333 | … | … | −1.46 (−4.08 to 1.16) | .260 | … | … |
| Age (per 10 y) | … | … | … | … | 48.91 (14.97–82.84) | .007 | … | … |
| Female sex | … | … | … | … | −159.6 (−279.9, −39.29) | .012 | −173.8 (−290.2 to −57.48) | .006 |
| Nonwhite vs white | −49.48 (−106.20 to 7.20) | .085 | … | … | −70.39 (−137.6 to −3.222) | .041 | … | … |
| BMI (per kg/m2) | … | … | … | … | 9.11 (.14–18.07) | .047 | 10.35 (1.815–18.89) | .020 |
| Waist-hip ratio (per 0.1 unit) | … | … | … | … | 42.81 (−1.15 to 86.78) | .056 | … | … |
| Direct LDL cholesterol (reference, ≥100 mg/dL) | −47.63 (−100.80 to 5.53) | .077 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Yearly rate of change in CIMT (per 1 µm/y) | ||||||||
| Baseline sCD14 (per 1 µg/mL) | 1.55 (−1.56 to 4.67) | .326 | … | … | 1.56 (.10–3.03) | .037 | 1.52 (.07–2.98) | .041 |
| Baseline LPS (per 100 pg/mL) | 0.24 (−.19 to .67) | .267 | … | … | 0.44 (.13–.75) | .005 | 0.49 (.18–.81) | .003 |
| HDL cholesterol (reference, ≥35 mg/dL) | … | … | … | … | −9.80 (−17.42 to −2.17) | .012 | 7.71 (.21–15.22) | .044 |
| BMI (per kg/m2) | … | … | … | … | −1.21 (−2.38 to −.04) | .042 | … | … |
| Yearly rate of change in sCD14 (per 1 µg/mL/y) | … | … | … | … | −5.06 (−9.97 to −.15) | .044 | … | … |
| Years of PI exposure (per 1 y) | … | … | … | … | 1.06 (−.14 to 2.25) | .083 | … | … |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PI, protease inhibitor; sCD14, soluble CD14.
P < .10 for all predictors, except baseline sCD14 and LPS In univariate analysis, The reference group used for determination of the parameter estimate was clarified as needed. The baseline covariates considered for all subjects were age, sex, race, fasting lipid measurements (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol), use of lipid-lowering drugs, fasting glucose, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine, sCD14, and LPS. For the HIV-infected subjects, additional covariates included years of PI use, CD4+ T-cell counts, and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts. Only covariates significant (P < .05) in univariate analysis were considered in the multivariate models; the final multivariate models in this table include only the covariates remaining significant.