Table 2. Distribution of anthropometric and behavioral characteristics at 13 and 17 years of age according to smoking and drinking categories.
| Never smoked at 17 | Tried smoking after 13 but before 17 | Tried smoking before 13 | p | Never drank at 17 | Tried drinking after 13 but before 17 | Tried drinking before 13 | p | Tried none before 13 | Tried smoking or drinking before 13 | Tried smoking and drinking before 13 | p | |
| n (%) | 353 (49.6) | 167 (23.5) | 192 (27.0) | 84 (11.7) | 213 (29.8) | 419 (58.5) | 248 (35.4) | 312 (44.6) | 140 (20.0) | |||
| Mean (SD) menarche age (years) | 12.4 (1.3) | 12.4 (1.2) | 12.1 (1.3) | 0.024 | 12.2 (1.5) | 12.5 (1.2) | 12.2 (1.3) | 0.082 | 12.4 (1.3) | 12.4 (1.3) | 11.9 (1.3) | 0.003 |
| Mean (SD) height at 13 (cm) | 157.8 (6.9) | 158.8 (6.4) | 158.2 (6.2) | 0.242 | 156.6 (7.4) | 157.7 (7.0) | 158.5 (6.2) | 0.037 | 158.0 (6.7) | 158.5 (6.2) | 157.3 (5.0) | 0.352 |
| Mean (SD) height at 17 (cm) | 160.9 (6.4) | 161.8 (6.0) | 160.8 (6.1) | 0.231 | 159.7 (6.5) | 160.9 (6.5) | 161.2 (6.3) | 0.126 | 161.1 (6.3) | 160.9 (6.2) | 160.7 (5.8) | 0.818 |
| Mean (SD) weight at 13 (kg) | 52.4 (10.4) | 52.6 (9.8) | 52.3 (8.5) | 0.969 | 52.5 (11.2) | 51.9 (10.2) | 52.5 (9.2) | 0.707 | 52.0 (10.5) | 52.9 (10.0) | 52.3 (7.9) | 0.540 |
| Mean (SD) weight at 17 (kg) | 57.4 (9.7) | 57.3 (9.3) | 56.1 (8.4) | 0.265 | 58.3 (10.3) | 56.8 (9.5) | 56.7 (8.9) | 0.338 | 57.2 (9.8) | 57.5 (9.4) | 55.8 (8.0) | 0.188 |
| Mean (SD) body mass index at 13 (kg/m2) | 20.9 (3.5) | 20.8 (3.4) | 20.9 (3.1) | 0.871 | 21.3 (3.8) | 20.8 (3.4) | 20.9 (3.2) | 0.455 | 20.8 (3.4) | 21.0 (3.6) | 20.7 (2.8) | 0.645 |
| Mean (SD) body mass index at 17 (kg/m2) | 22.1 (3.3) | 21.7 (3.7) | 21.6 (3.4) | 0.145 | 22.9 (3.7) | 21.7 (3.8) | 21.8 (3.1) | 0.020 | 22.0 (3.6) | 22.0 (3.6) | 21.5 (2.8) | 0.301 |
| Mean (SD) fat-free mass at 13 (kg) | 38.1 (4.3) | 38.4 (3.9) | 38.0 (3.8) | 0.588 | 38.0 (4.6) | 37.8 (4.4) | 38.3 (3.8) | 0.463 | 37.9 (4.4) | 38.5 (4.0) | 37.9 (3.6) | 0.166 |
| Mean (SD) fat-free mass at 17 (kg) | 42.7 (4.1) | 42.6 (3.5) | 41.9 (3.6) | 0.054 | 43.0 (4.1) | 42.4 (4.0) | 42.3 (3.7) | 0.312 | 42.6 (4.0) | 42.6 (3.8) | 41.7 (3.5) | 0.042 |
| Mean (SD) calcium intake at 13 (mg/day) | 1170.6 (461.2) | 1158.7 (475.6) | 1083.8 (447.3) | 0.149 | 1140.6 (450.7) | 1160.7 (453.4) | 1133.3 (466.6) | 0.815 | 1169.8 (440.8) | 1155.2 (487.6) | 1084.5 (422.2) | 0.251 |
| Mean (SD) vitamin D intake at 13 (µg/day) | 4.7 (2.6) | 4.4 (2.6) | 4.2 (2.3) | 0.110 | 4.6 (2.8) | 4.8 (2.7) | 4.4 (2.4) | 0.211 | 4.8 (2.8) | 4.5 (2.4) | 4.2 (2.4) | 0.094 |
| Number (%) using calcium/vitamin D supplements at 13 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (1.0) | 0.064 | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) | 0.579 | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | >0.999 |
| Number (%) using calcium/vitamin D supplements at 17 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.6) | 0.040 | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.7) | 0.318 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (1.4) | 0.194 |
| Number (%) reporting oral contraceptive at 17 | 97 (27.5) | 82 (49.1) | 102 (53.1) | <0.001 | 18 (21.4) | 87 (40.8) | 177 (42.2) | 0.002 | 80 (32.6) | 121 (38.8) | 74 (52.9) | <0.001 |
| Number (%) practicing sports ≥2 times/week at 13 | 167 (48.3) | 73 (43.7) | 79 (41.8) | 0.313 | 32 (39.5) | 95 (45.0) | 191 (46.1) | 0.548 | 108 (44.3) | 150 (48.7) | 57 (41.3) | 0.302 |
| Number (%) practicing sports ≥2 times/week at 17 | 155 (44.8) | 66 (40.5) | 72 (39.3) | 0.415 | 24 (30.4) | 82 (39.6) | 187 (46.0) | 0.024 | 90 (37.5) | 145 (47.2) | 54 (40.3) | 0.063 |
| Mean (SD) parental education (schooling years) | 10.7 (4.5) | 10.4 (4.6) | 11.1 (4.5) | 0.344 | 8.6 (4.0) | 10.6 (4.5) | 11.2 (4.5) | <0.001 | 10.1 (4.4) | 11.0 (4.6) | 11.5 (4.4) | 0.010 |
| Number (%) in behavioral clusters* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Cluster 1 | 163 (51.6) | 56 (37.6) | 33 (20.8) | 69 (97.2) | 183 (98.9) | 0 (0.0) | 219 (100.0) | 33 (11.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Cluster 2 | 153 (48.4) | 93 (62.4) | 107 (67.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 354 (95.9) | 0 (0.0) | 246 (86.9) | 107 (87.7) | |||
| Cluster 3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (12.0) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (1.1) | 15 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.4) | 15 (12.3) |
P-values were calculated using chi-square of Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate (for the comparisons between proportions), or using one-way ANOVA (for the comparisons of means).
*
Behavioral clusters defined using the following variables: sports activities, fruit intake, sleeping hours, time spent in sedentary activities, tobacco and alcohol use [23]. Adolescents were classified in one of three following groups according to behavioral aggregation: healthiest (cluster 1), intermediate (cluster 2) and least healthy (cluster 3).