Table 1.

The modified Quebec classification of whiplash-associated disorders

Grade	Clinical presentation
0	No complaint about the neck
	No physical sign(s)
I	Neck complaint of pain, stiffness or tenderness only
	No physical sign(s)
IIa	Neck complaint and musculoskeletal sign(s):
	These include point tenderness but normal cervical range of motion
IIb	Neck complaint and musculoskeletal sign(s):
	These include point tenderness and abnormal cervical range of motion
III	Neck complaint and neurological sign(s):
	These include decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes, weakness and sensory deficits
IV	Neck complaint and fracture or dislocation
Symptoms and disorders that can appear in all grades include deafness, dizziness, tinnitus, headache, memory loss, dysphagia, and temporomandibular joint pain