Fig. 2.
Preload used. The 200 N preload was suspended from a point (a distance L1) above the intervertebral disc. The preload application point was adjustable in the anterior-posterior direction using the threaded connector shown. The preload application point was moved anteriorly to apply the (3 or 6 Nm) flexion moments and posterior to apply the (3 or 6 Nm) extension moments
