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. 2012 Oct 13;35(11):2148–2155. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0071

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mean (SD) of venous PG (A), CGMG (B), insulin and glucagon doses (C), plasma insulin levels (D), and glucagon levels (E) for all experiments. A: The mean (SD) of venous PG levels with 15-min sampling is shown from all (N = 12) 48-h experiments in six subjects. The maximum in the mean PG was 254 mg/dL at 9:15 a.m. after the first breakfast, and the mean nadir was 99 mg/dL at 12:30 p.m. at the start of the first lunch. The overall mean of all 48-h PG results (N = 193 measurements per experiment) was 158 ± 44 mg/dL. The overall mean PG during nighttime (11 p.m.–7 a.m.) was 123 ± 13 mg/dL (N = 66 measurements per experiment). The six meals are indicated by the letter M. The exercise period is indicated by Ex. B: The mean (SD) of CGMG levels, measured every 5 min, are shown. The mean peak CGMG was 229 mg/dL, recorded at 9:30 a.m. after the first breakfast, and the mean nadir was 97 mg/dL at 12:30 p.m. at the start of the first lunch. The overall mean of all CGMG measurements was 145 ± 35 mg/dL (N = 577 measurements per experiment). The overall mean CGMG overnight was 116 ± 9 mg/dL (N = 194 measurements per experiment). C: The means of all subcutaneous insulin doses (vertical lines below), including meal-priming insulin doses (indicated by downward arrows), and glucagon doses (vertical lines above), administered by the bionic endocrine pancreas, are indicated. The mean daily doses of insulin and glucagon administered by the program were 0.5 units/kg/day and 3.64 μg/kg/day, respectively. D: The mean (SD) plasma insulin levels, measured every 30–60 min, with mean over 48 h of 38 ± 10 μIU/mL. The tmax for insulin absorption ranged from 24–166 min in all subjects and was 70 min on average. E: The mean (SD) plasma glucagon levels, measured every 30–60 min. The mean glucagon level over 48 h was 83 ± 28 pg/mL, with peak mean levels increasing only transiently over the normal fasting range (indicated by shaded area) to 180 pg/mL at 5:00 p.m. after exercise. The peak level is consistent with the increased glucagon dosing at the time of exercise seen in (C).