Table 6.
The prevalence of mineral and vitamin intakes exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level by dietary supplement use, gender, and age group in U.S. children and adolescents, 2003–20061,2,3
| 2–8 y old n=2,601 |
9–13 y old n=2,048 |
14–18 y old n=2,601 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-users
|
Users
|
Non-users
|
Users
|
Non-users
|
Users
|
|
| Calcium (mg) | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Iron (mg) | 0 | 4.5 (1.0)* | 0 | 5.4 (2.4)* | 0 | 8.5 (2.6)* |
| Magnesium (mg) | 0.2 (0.1) | <1 | 0 | <1 | 0 | 1.0 (0.7) |
| Zinc (mg) | 45 (2) | 84 (2)* | <1 | 32(5)* | <1 | 8 (2)* |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 0 | <1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Copper (mg) | 7.7 (0.8) | 39 (4)* | 0 | <1 | 0 | 0 |
| Selenium (μg) | 7.5 (0.6) | 20 (6)* | <1 | 0 | 0 | <1 |
| Folic Acid (μg) | 8.7 (1.2) | 71 (3)* | <1 | 35 (6)* | <1 | 13 (2) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0 | <1 | 0 | <1 | 0 | 1.5 (1.0) |
| Vitamin A (μg Retinol) | 13(1) | 72 (3)* | <1 | 21(3)* | 0 | 1.5 (0.6) |
| Vitamin C (mg) | <1 | 2.5 (0.4)* | 0 | 1.0 (0.8) | 0 | <1 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 0 | <1 | 0 | 1.8 (1.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Vitamin E (ATE) | 0 | <1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <1 |
DFE = Dietary Folate Equivalent; RAE = Retinol Activity Equivalent; ATE = Alpha Tocopherol Equivalent
Nutrient intakes for non-users of dietary supplements are from food sources only. Nutrient intakes for users of supplements represent the total intake from food sources and from dietary supplements.
Values presented as percentage (SE). Significant differences are denoted by an asterisk at a Bonferroni-corrected P value ≤ 0.003.
The UL for magnesium is for added magnesium to foods or from dietary supplements. The UL for Folate is in μg of folic acid, not including folate that naturally occurs in food. The UL for vitamin A is from retinol only, not from carotenoids with provitamin A activity.