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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Oct 21.
Published in final edited form as: Neurochem Res. 2009 Feb 21;34(8):1464–1468. doi: 10.1007/s11064-009-9933-8

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Catecholamine biosynthetic cascade, showing the six endogenous catechols found normally in human plasma and the associated synthetic and degradative enzymes. TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; DOPA, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; DA, dopamine; DBH, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase; NE, norepinephrine; PNMT, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase; EPI, epinephrine; MAO, monoamine oxidase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; AR, aldose/alcohol reductase; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; DHPG, dihydroxyphenylglycol