Table 1.
Mammary gland developmental scores.
Female offspring age in postnatal days
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PND 1 | PND 3 | PND 5 | PND 10 | PND 22 | PND 29 | PND 32 | PND 42 | PND 63 | |
Restricted-exposure study dose groups | |||||||||
Control | – | – | – | – | – | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | – | – |
GD 7–17 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.1 ± 0.1* | 1.9 ± 0.1* | – | – |
GD 10–17 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.0 ± 0.2* | 2.2 ± 0.2* | – | – |
GD 13–17 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.2 ± 0.1* | 2.5 ± 0.1* | – | – |
GD 15–17 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.0 ± 0.2* | 2.3 ± 0.3* | – | – |
Early cross-foster study dose groups | |||||||||
Control | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – |
5L | 1.7 ± 0.4* | 1.8 ± 0.2* | 1.5 ± 0.1* | 2.3 ± 0.2* | – | – | – | – | – |
5U | 1.9 ± 0.2* | 1.9 ± 0.3* | 2.0 ± 0.2* | 1.4 ± 0.1* | – | – | – | – | – |
5U + L | 1.5 ± 0.2* | 1.7 ± 0.3* | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 1.5 ± 0.2* | – | – | – | – | – |
Late cross-foster study dose groups | |||||||||
Control | – | – | – | – | 3.7 ± 0.1 | – | – | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 |
3L | – | – | – | – | 3.0 ± 0.2 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.2* | 2.6 ± 0.2* |
5L | – | – | – | – | 2.1 ± 0.2* | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.1* | 2.4 ± 0.2* |
3U | – | – | – | – | 1.8 ± 0.2* | – | – | 2.2 ± 0.1* | 2.6 ± 0.2* |
5U | – | – | – | – | 2.1 ± 0.3* | – | – | 2.2 ± 0.2* | 1.9 ± 0.2* |
3U + L | – | – | – | – | 1.8 ± 0.2* | – | – | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3* |
5U + L | – | – | – | – | 1.2 ± 0.2* | – | – | 1.9 ± 0.2* | 1.9 ± 0.2* |
Note. Data are presented as mean ± S.E. Scores are on a 1–4 scale; criteria adjusted for stage of development and age. Due to the outbred nature of the CD-1 mouse strain, the mean score for controls was less than 4. Dashes (–) signify time points where no measure was taken within the given study. N = 10–21 adult females per treatment group per time point for the restricted-exposure study. N = 4 litters (3 pups per litter) per treatment group per time point for the early-life effects cross-foster study. N = 9–18 adult females per treatment group per time point for the late-life effects cross-foster study. Statistical comparisons made are with controls within a given study; inter-group comparisons can be found in Section 3.
Significant treatment effect compared to control; p < 0.05.