Table 1.
Bioactions of SPM.
| SPM | Disease model | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lipoxin A4/ATL | Mouse/dermal inflammation | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment and vascular leakage | Takano et al. (1997) |
| Mouse/dorsal air pouch | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment | Clish et al. (1999) | |
| Rabbit/periodontitis | Reduces PMN infiltration and prevents connective tissue and bone loss | Serhan et al. (2003) | |
| Mouse/peritonitis | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment and lymphatic removal of phagocytes | Bannenberg et al. (2005) and Schwab et al. (2007) | |
| Mouse/colitis | Attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression and reduces severity of colitis, inhibits weight loss, inflammation, and immune dysfunction | Gewirtz et al. (2002) | |
| Mouse/asthma | Inhibits airway hyper-responsiveness and pulmonary inflammation | Levy et al. (2002) | |
| Mouse/cystic fibrosis | Decreases neutrophilic inflammation, pulmonary bacterial burden, and disease severity | Karp et al. (2004) | |
| Mouse/ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) | Attenuates hind limb I/R-induced lung injury. Detachment of adherent leukocytes in mesenteric I/R vessels. Reduces myocardial infarct size and area at risk in myocardial I/R | Scalia et al. (1997) and Chiang et al. (1999) | |
| Mouse/cornea | Accelerates cornea re-epithelialization, limits sequelae of thermal injury (i.e., neovascularization, opacity) and promotes host defense | Gronert et al. (2005) | |
| Mouse/angiogenesis | Reduces angiogenic phenotype: endothelial cell proliferation and migration | Fierro et al. (2002) | |
| Mouse/bone marrow transplant (BMT) | Protects against BMT-induced graft-versus-host diseases (GvHD) | Devchand et al. (2005) | |
| Rat/glomerulonephritis | Reduces leukocyte rolling and adherence; decreases neutrophil recruitment | Papayianni et al. (1995) | |
| Rat/hyperalgesia | Prolongs paw withdraw latency, reducing hyperalgesic index, and reduces paw edema | Svensson et al. (2007) | |
| Rat/pleuritis | Shortens the duration of pleural exudation | Bandeira-Melo et al. (2000) | |
| Mouse/tumor growth | Suppresses the growth of transplanted tumors in mice; inhibits angiogenesis | Chen et al. (2010) | |
| Mouse/allograft rejections | Prevents acute rejection of vascularized cardiac and renal allografts | Levy et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/arthritis | Inhibits edema formation and PMN influx, reduces TNFα and LTB4 levels | Conte et al. (2010) | |
| Rat/acute pancreatitis | Reduces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and NF-κB p65 expression in the pancreas, and expression of ICAM-1 in the lungs | Zhou et al. (2011) | |
| Zebrafish/mycobacterial infection | Reduces bacterial burden and growth; improves microbial containment by phagocytes | Tobin et al. (2012) | |
| Resolvin E1 | Mouse/dorsal air pouch | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment | Serhan et al. (2000a) |
| Mouse/peritonitis | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment, regulates chemokine/cytokine production, and promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes | Arita et al. (2005a), Bannenberg et al. (2005), and Schwab et al. (2007) | |
| Rabbit/periodontitis | Reduces PMN infiltration, prevents connective tissue and bone loss, promotes healing of diseased tissues, and promotes regeneration of lost soft tissue and bone | Hasturk et al. (2006, 2007) | |
| Mouse/retinopathy | Protects against neovascularization | Connor et al. (2007) | |
| Mouse/colitis | Decreases PMN recruitment and pro-inflammatory gene expression; improves survival and reduces weight loss; favors LPS-detoxification through induction of intestinal alkaline phosphatase | Arita et al. (2005b), Campbell et al. (2010), and Ishida et al. (2010) | |
| Mouse/asthma | Reduces IL-23 and IL-6, and increases IFNγ and LXA4 in lungs to dampen airway inflammation; decreases eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment | Aoki et al. (2008, 2010) and Haworth et al. (2008) | |
| Mouse/obesity | Regulates adipokines and protects against liver steatosis | Gonzalez-Periz et al. (2009) | |
| Mouse/inflammatory pain | Inhibits spontaneous pain, and heat and mechanical hypersensitivity | Xu et al. (2010) | |
| Rat/cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury | Reduces infarct size | Keyes et al. (2010) | |
| Mouse/allograft rejections | Prevents acute rejection of vascularized cardiac and renal allografts | Levy et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/dry eye | Promotes tear production, corneal epithelial integrity, and decreases in inflammatory inducible COX-2. RvE1 inhibits keratocyte transformation to myofibroblasts and lowers the number of monocytes/macrophages | Li et al. (2010) | |
| Mouse/herpes simplex virus | Reduces severity of herpes simplex virus-induced ocular lesions, reduces angiogenesis, and stromal keratitis | Rajasagi et al. (2011) | |
| Resolvin D1 | Mouse/peritonitis | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment; shortens resolution interval; regulates miRNAs and target genes in resolving exudates; reduces LTB4, PGD2, PGF2α, and TXA2 in peritoneal exudates | Hong et al. (2003), Sun et al. (2007), Spite et al. (2009b), Recchiuti et al. (2011), Krishnamoorthy et al. (2012), and Norling et al. (2012) |
| Mouse/E. coli (peritoneal) and S. aureus (skin) infection | Reduces bacterial titers and hypothermia; increased survival; enhances microbial containment and killing by phagocytes; lowers antibiotic requirement; shortens resolution interval | Chiang et al. (2012) | |
| Mouse/dorsal air pouch | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment | Serhan et al. (2002) and Hong et al. (2003) | |
| Mouse/kidney ischemia-reperfusion | Protects from ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages | Duffield et al. (2006) | |
| Mouse/retinopathy | Protects against neovascularization | Connor et al. (2007) | |
| Mouse/inflammatory pain | Inhibits spontaneous pain, heat, and mechanical hypersensitivity; selectively blocks TRPV1 and TRPA1-mediated pain | Xu et al. (2010) and Park et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/obesity | Reduces inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue macrophages; stimulates M2 macrophage differentiation; promotes resolution of adipose tissue inflammation | Titos et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/T2 diabetes | Reduces macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue; ameliorates insulin sensitivity | Hellmann et al. (2011) | |
| Rats/post-operative pain | Reduces post-operative pain, tactile allodynia, and hyperalgesia | Huang et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/pain | Attenuates agonist-induced and inflammatory pain behaviors; inhibits TRPA1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 receptors; does not affect basal sensitivity | Bang et al. (2010) and Xu et al. (2010) | |
| Mouse/acute lung injury | Blocks leukocyte infiltration and reduces cytokine levels in BALF | Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse/corneal inflammation | Reduces leukocyte infiltration and hemangiogenesis | Jin et al. (2009) | |
| AT-RvD1 | Mouse/colitis | Reduces disease activity index, PMN number, and pro-inflammatory levels | Bento et al. (2011) |
| Attenuates pain signals and behaviors by blocking TRPV3 | Bang et al. (2012) | ||
| Rats/arthritic pain | Possesses anti-hyperalgesic effects upon systemic administration. Decreases TNF-α and IL-1β production | Lima-Garcia et al. (2011) | |
| Resolvin D2 | Mouse/peritonitis | Blocks further PMN infiltration into the peritoneum | Spite et al. (2009a) |
| Mouse/sepsis | Prevents hypothermia, decreases bacterial load in the blood and peritoneum, promotes survival | Spite et al. (2009a) | |
| Mouse/colitis | Improves disease activity index, weight loss, and colonic PMN infiltration. Reduces pro-inflammatory levels | Bento et al. (2011) | |
| (Neuro)Protectin D1 | Mouse/peritonitis | Inhibits neutrophil recruitment and regulates chemokine/cytokine production | Bannenberg et al. (2005) and Serhan et al. (2006) |
| Promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes; regulates T-cell migration; enhances CCR5 expression on apoptotic leukocytes | Ariel et al. (2005, 2006) and Schwab et al. (2007) | ||
| Mouse/asthma | Protects from lung damage, airway inflammation, and hyper-responsiveness | Levy et al. (2007) | |
| Human/asthma | PD1 is generated in human asthmatic patients | Levy et al. (2007) | |
| Mouse/kidney ischemia/reperfusion | Protects from ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages | Duffield et al. (2006) | |
| Mouse/retinopathy | Protects against neovascularization | Connor et al. (2007) | |
| Rat/ischemic stroke | Inhibits leukocyte infiltration, NF-κB, and COX-2 induction | Marcheselli et al. (2003) | |
| Human/Alzheimer’s disease | Diminished PD1 production in human Alzheimer’s disease | Lukiw and Bazan (2008) | |
| Mouse/liver injury | Protects from necroinflammatory liver injury | Gonzalez-Periz et al. (2009) | |
| Mouse/Alzheimer’s disease | Downregulates inflammatory genes; reduces amyloidogenic Aβ42 cleavage; protects from apoptosis | Zhao et al. (2011) | |
| Maresin-1 | Mouse/peritonitis | Blocks PMN infiltration into the peritoneum | Serhan et al. (2009) |
| Planaria/tissue regeneration | Stimulates tissue regeneration post surgical damage | Serhan et al. (2012) | |
| Mouse/pain | Reduces pain | Serhan et al. (2012) |