Table 1.

Cell Death Biomarkers and Probe Targeting Groups

Biomarker	Type of Cell Death	Targeting Group	Imaging Modalities	Ref
Effector Caspases	Apoptosis	DEVD sequencea	BLI, Fluorescence	30–48
		Isatinsb	PET	50, 51, 53,54
		Acyloxymethyl ketonesb	Fluorescence	56
Phosphatidylserine	Apoptosis, Necrosis	Annexin Vc,e	Fluorescence, PET, SPECT, MRI, Ultrasound	74–78, 80,81 83, 85–90, 92–94, 96, 97
		C2A domain of Synaptotagminc	Fluorescence, PET, SPECT,	98–102
		Lactadherinc	Fluorescence, SPECT	103–105
		LIKKPFa	MRI	106–110
		TLVSSLa	MRI	108, 109
		CLSYYPSY a	Fluorescence	111
		SVSVGMKPSPRPa	Fluorescence	112
		FNFRLKAGAKIRFGa	Fluorescence, SPECT	113
		cLac-2a	Fluorescence	114
		ZnDPAb	Fluorescence, SPECT, MRI	115–124
		Zn-cyclenb	Fluorescence, PET	125
Phosphatidylethanolamine	Apoptosis, Necrosis	Duramycina	Fluorescence, SPECT	127–129
Histones	Apoptosis	CQRPPR (Apopep-1)a	Fluorescence, PET	137, 138, 207, 208
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential	Apoptosis	Phosphonium cationsb	PET	64, 65
La Antigen	Late Apoptosis, Necrosis	La mAb 3B9d	Fluorescence, SPECT	68, 69
		APOMAB® DAB4d	SPECT	70
Heat Shock Proteins	Late Apoptosis, Necrosis	GSAO b	SPECT	71
Autophagosome	Autophagy	LC3c	Fluorescence	174–177
Exposed DNA	Necrosis	Hoechst-IRb	Fluorescence	150
		Gd-TOb	Fluorescence, MRI	151, 152
Plasma Membrane Depolarization	Apoptosis	DDCb	Fluorescence	139–141
		ML-10b,e	Fluorescence, PET	144–147
		DFNSHb	Fluorescence, PET	142, 143
Unknown	Necrosis	Hypericinb	Fluorescence, PET, SPECT,	154–156, 158, 159
		Pamoic Acidb	PET, SPECT	160, 161
		bis-DTPA-BI b	SPECT	162

^apeptide

^bsmall molecule

^cprotein

^dantibody

^eclinical studies